Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson’s Disease Risk in a Rural New England Case-Control Study

Table 2

PD risk related to physical activities and injuries.

		Controls	PD	Univariate logistic model	Adjusted model	Adjusted model, plus athletics and head trauma
		n = 195	n = 97
Participate regularly in strenuous athletic activities, such as running, swimming, or other competitive sports (soccer, football, etc.)	No	108 (56.8)	40 (42.1)	OR 1.81 (95% CI 1.10–2.99)	OR 2.12 (95% CI 1.19–3.81)	OR 1.69 (95% CI 0.93–3.13)
	Yes	82 (43.2)	55 (57.9)
Ever suffered head trauma or a concussion that caused you to black out or lose consciousness?	No	155 (81.6)	55 (57.3)	OR 3.30 (95% CI 1.92–5.73)	OR 4.05 (95%CI 2.22–7.53)	OR 4.17 (95% CI 2.23–7.98)
	Yes	35 (18.4)	41 (42.7)
Have you ever suffered a severe electrical burn or been electrocuted?	No	182 (96.3)	90 (95.7)	OR 1.15 (95% CI 0.30–3.93)	OR 1.02 (95% CI 0.24–3.81)
	Yes	7 (3.7)	4 (4.3)

Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, family history.