Intraoperative Quantitative Measurements for Bradykinesia Evaluation during Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery Using Leap Motion Controller: A Pilot Study

Table 3

Results of PS task statistical analysis.

PS features	Preoperative	Intraoperative	value	Correlation with MDS-UPDRS item
Velocity ()
(roll angle,°)	357.95 ± 144.88	604.75 ± 205.24	0.000^a	−0.403
	−0.11 ± 0.17	0.04 ± 0.25	0.183^a	−0.109
	0.16 (0.13, 0.26)	0.17 (0.14, 0.21)	0.638^b	0.180
Frequency ()
(Hz)	1.71 (1.44, 2.02)	1.85 (1.54, 2.40)	0.075^b	0.066
	0.06 ± 0.17	0.05 ± 0.17	0.943^a	−0.051
	0.19 ± 0.15	0.16 ± 0.12	0.680^a	0.223
Amplitude ()
(°)	104.04 ± 37.53	151.95 ± 34.24	0.000^a	−0.480
	−0.19 ± 0.14	−0.01 ± 0.12	0.006^a	−0.168
	0.17 ± 0.09	0.13 ± 0.09	0.200^a	0.316

PS, pronation-supination movements of hands; Δ, change; CV, coefficient of variation; PD, Parkinson’s Disease; MDS-UPDRS-III, International Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. a: these P values were determined using paired t tests. b: these P values were determined using the Wilcoxon test. Asterisks () indicate significant correlations between kinematic parameters and the score on the corresponding MDS-UPDRS item: ; .