1. Single-centre study 2. Diagnostic criteria undefined 3. Prevalence data reflects hospital prevalence but not true prevalence of population. 4. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
Population: 8440 Neurologic cases: 1249 PD cases: 14 (1.1%) Males: 10 (71.4%) Females: 4 (28.6%) Male-female ratio = 2.5 : 1 Peak age incidence >70 y
NA
PD: 166
NA
1. Single-centre study 2. Diagnostic criteria undefined 3. Prevalence data reflects hospital prevalence but not true prevalence of population. 4. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
PKS cases: 124 PD cases: 98 Males: 75 (76.5%) Females: 23 (23.5%) Male-female ratio = 3.3 : 1 Age at PD onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 61.5 ± 10.0 (37–77) y 2°PKS cases: 26 Males: 19 (73.1%) Females: 7 (26.9%) Male-female ratio = 2.7 : 1 Age at 2°PKS onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 57.5 ± 14.0 (22–78) y
Presence of at least three of the following: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural or gait abnormality
NA
One (1) PD patient had a family history of PD in a first-degree relative. Causes of 2°PKS: Vascular parkinsonism Drug-induced parkinsonism Multiple system atrophy Lewy body dementia Carbon-monoxide poisoning Progressive supranuclear palsy Hemiparkinsonism-hemiatrophy Juvenile parkinsonism with dystonia and hemiatrophy
1. Single-centre study 2. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
Population: 6282 Neurologic cases: 980 PD cases: 4 (0.4%) Males: 4 (100.0%) Females: 0 (0.0%) Age range at study: 50–68 y
Presence of at least three of the following: tremors, rigidity, akinesia or bradykinesia, and postural instability
PD: 63
NA
1. Single-centre study 2. Prevalence data reflects hospital prevalence but not true prevalence of population. 3. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
Neurologic cases: 1153 PD cases: 80 (6.9%) Males: 61 (76.3%) Females: 19 (23.7%) Male-female ratio = 3.2 : 1 Age at PD onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 58.2 ± 6.72 (39–76) y 2°PKS cases: 16 (1.4%) Males: 13 (81.3%) Females: 3 (18.7%) Male-female ratio = 4.3 : 1 Age at 2°PKS onset [mean ± SD (range)]: 51.4 ± 10.04 (30–67) y
Presence of at least three of the following: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural or gait abnormality
NA
Three (3) PD patients had a family history of PD in a first-degree relative. Causes of 2°PKS: Vascular parkinsonism Drug-induced parkinsonism Head trauma-related parkinsonism
1. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
1. Single-centre study 2. Diagnostic criteria undefined 3. Prevalence data reflects hospital prevalence but not true prevalence of population. 4. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
1. Single-centre study 2. Diagnostic criteria undefined 3. Prevalence data reflects hospital prevalence but not true prevalence of population. 4. Risk of referral bias as study site is a tertiary facility.
Presence of akineto-hypertonic syndrome and/or resting tremor and nasal-palpebral reflex inexhaustible
PKS: 91
Cause of PKS: drug-induced
1. Risk of information bias as age was self-reported in a population with high illiteracy rate 2. Subjective signs such as pain and paresthesia may have been exaggerated or minimized.
NA: not available; crude prevalence: is given as (cases/100,000) × population; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PKS: parkinsonism; 2°PKS: secondary parkinsonism; y: years; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range.