Handgrip Strength and Anthropometry in Parkinson’s Disease at Diagnosis
Table 1
Clinical characteristics and anthropometric indices of the study population, patients with PD, and controls and for male and female patients at time of PD diagnosis.
Patients N = 75
Controls N = 24
value
Male patients N = 41
Female patients N = 34
value
Age, years
68.9 (8.6)
68.2 (6.6)
0.668
69.8 (8.9)
67.8 (8.2)
0.319
UPDRS-total
34.6 (12.7)
—
—
37.5 (12.0)
30.4 (12.5)
0.015
UPDRS-III
24.9 (10.6)
—
—
27.4 (9.7)
21.9 (10.9)
0.023
H &Y (median)
2.0
—
—
2.0
2.0
0.753
MMSE score
28.7 (1.4)
29.1 (0.8)
0.131
28.5 (1.5)
29.0 (1.2)
0.173
P-cortisol, (nmol/l)
386 (143)
335 (115)
0.113
396 (134)
374 (154)
0.514
P-phosphate, (mmol/l)
1.20 (0.16)
1.23 (0.14)
0.441
1.15 (0.16)
1.26 (0.14)
<0.001
MNA-total
25.5 (2.4)
27.2 (1.5)
<0.001
25.8 (2.4)
25.2 (2.3)
0.272
MNA-initial
12.5 (1.7)
13.0 (1.3)
0.140
12.8 (1.5)
12.2 (1.8)
0.151
MNA-final
13.1 (1.6)
14.2 (1.0)
<0.001
13.0 (1.5)
13.1 (1.7)
0.791
PAL
1.51 (0.19)
1.52 (0.19)
0.947
1.50 (0.17)
1.53 (0.17)
0.425
HGS, left (kgf)
26.5 (10.3)
27.3 (10.5)
0.731
33.1 (7.9)
18.6 (6.3)
<0.001
HGS, right (kgf)
28.1 (10.4)
29.3 (9.7)
0.613
35.2 (7.5)
20.2 (7.2)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
26.1 (4.1)
25.6 (4.7)
0.541
26.4 (3.4)
25.9 (4.8)
0.584
ECW (lit)
16.2 (2.7)
16.2 (3.7)
0.950
17.9 (1.9)
14.0 (1.7)
<0.001
ICW (lit)
17.5 (4.8)
17.7 (5.4)
0.815
19.2 (3.6)
15.3 (5.3)
<0.001
ECW/ICW ratio
0.96 (0.16)
0.94 (0.12)
0.534
0.95 (0.15)
0.98 (0.13)
0.386
TBW (lit)
33.6 (6.8)
33.9 (8.9)
0.852
37.1 (4.9)
28.5 (4.4)
<0.001
FFMI (kg/m2)
15.4 (2.4)
15.2 (2.8)
0.666
16.2 (1.7)
14.1 (2.2)
<0.001
FM (%)
41.1 (6.0)
40.4 (7.0)
0.641
38.4 (5.2)
45.2 (5.1)
<0.001
UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. H&Y = Hoehn & Yahr. MNA = Mini Nutritional Assessment. PAL = physical activity level. HGS = handgrip strength (kgf). BMI = body mass index (kg/m2). ECW = extracellular water, l. ICW = intracellular water, l. TBW = total body water (ECW + ICW). FFMI = fat-free mass index (kg/m2). FM (%) = fat mass percent. The significance level is 95% CI ∗p<0.05.
