Virus Infection-Induced Bronchial Asthma Exacerbation

Table 1

Cytokines, mediators, and substances induced by virus infection.

(a)  

Viruses	Samples and specimens	Reference number	Cytokines, mediators, and substances
RV	Nasal secretion and sputum	[13, 25]	IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8), myeloperoxidase
		[26, 27]	ECP
	Plasma or serum	[18, 19]	Histamine, IL-6, ECP, sICAM-1
	Urine	[19]	LTE4
	Exhaled air	[11]	NO
Flu	Nasal secretion	[25]	CXCL8 (IL-8), myeloperoxidase
	Plasma or serum	[19, 28]	Histamine, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8), RANTES, ECP, sICAM-1
	Urine	[19]	LTE4
	Exhaled air	[29, 30]	CO
URTIs or ARI	Nasal secretion or serum	[31, 32]	IL-6, IL-11

RV: rhinovirus; Flu: influenza virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; IL: interleukin; URTIs: upper respiratory tract infections; ARI: acute respiratory infection. Other nonstandard abbreviations are described in the text.

(b)  

Viruses	Sample(s) and specimen(s)	Reference number	Cytokines, mediators, and substances
RV	Airway and lung epithelial cells	[12–15, 22, 23, 32–48]	IL-1, IL-6, CCL5 (RANTES), CCL11 (Eotaxin ), CXCL5 (ENA-78), CXCL8 (IL-8), CXCL10 (IP-10), IL-11, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IFN-β, IFN-𝜆
		[14, 15, 35–37, 49]	ICAM-1, LDL-R, FGF, VEGF, mucin
	Other cells
	Eosinophils, other leukocyte, and M𝜙	[17, 23, 24, 50–54]	Histamine, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IFN-𝜆, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α
	Mast cell	[53]	Histamine, CXCL8 (IL-8), GM-CSF
	Smooth muscle and fibroblast	[13, 21, 32]	IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, ICAM-1
Flu	Airway and lung epithelial cells	[55, 56]	IL-1, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8)
	Other cells	[16, 17, 57, 58]	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, histamine, protease, IFN-α, IFN-γ
RSV	Airway and lung epithelial cells and other cells	[17, 32, 59–61]	IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, CCL5 (RANTES), CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-11, GM-CSF, TNF-α, histamine

RV: rhinovirus; Flu: influenza virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; IL: interleukin; M𝜙: macrophage. Other nonstandard abbreviations are described in the text.