Impact of Clinical Factors on Generic and Disease-Specific Quality of Life in COPD and Asthma-COPD Overlap with Exacerbations

Table 4

Estimates yielded from multiple regression analysis to predict factors associated with quality of life measures.

	COPD		ACO
	CAT	EQ-5D VAS	CAT	EQ-5D VAS
Age	-0.018	0.021	0.031	0.171
Gender
Male	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Female	0.403	-3.617^a	0.177	-4.327
Body mass index (kg/m^2)
<20	0.549	1.820	-1.351	-0.773
20-24.9	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
25.0-29.9	0.863	-2.160	-1.891	-2.669
>30	0.769	-0.471	-3.407^d	-7.136
Smoking status
Current	0.781	0.653	-0.034	-0.491
Ex-smoker	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Pack-years	0.029^a	-0.094^a	-0.006	-0.238^a
Educational level
Low	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Medium	-0.452	4.208^b	-0.594	3.009
High	-0.903	1.441	-1.046	10.372^e
No. of hospitalizations and ER visits due to exacerbation in the past year
0	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
1	-0.722	0.058	-2.598	-0.262
≥ 2	2.257^b	-0.443	-6.772^a	-6.430
FEV1 (% reference)	-0.024	0.072	-0.049	0.143
Comorbidities
Absence of comorbidity	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Gastroesophageal reflux	1.578^b	1.118	0.477	4.149
Ischemic heart disease	-1.104^d	0.979	-0.476	-0.198
Hypertension	0.098	2.473	1.249	-6.218^e
Past myocardial infarction	1.409	5.494	9.143	-9.305
Arrhythmia	0.674	-6.298^a	5.589^e	-15.852^a
Heart failure	0.830	-0.031	0.993	-7.320
Past cerebrovascular event	-0.404	-3.174	-1.922	-6.255
Osteoporosis	-1.508	0.213	-0.183	4.052
Diabetes	-0.431	-0.235	-3.067	-1.123
Glaucoma	2.869	-1.372	-^1	-^1
Chronic bronchitis	-1.341^a	2.583	-^2	-^2
Severity of symptoms in the past week
Dyspnea at rest	0.573^c	-1.286^c	0.150	-1.302^d
Dyspnea during daily activities	0.353^c	-0.398	0.351	0.808
Cough	0.508^c	0.405	0.939^a	-0.143
Sputum production, amount small	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
Medium	0.331	-2.587	0.120	1.664
Significant	0.307	-0.706	-1.806	-8.841
Use of short-acting bronchodilators in the past week (% all patients)
≤1	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
2-3	0.006	2.258	3.870	-11.269^a
>3	1.194	-3.831^d	4.593^a	-6.393

^a, ^b, ^c, ^d, ^e. 1: not analyzed due to missing data; 2: not assessed in the ACO group; Ref.: reference category.