Microglia and Astrocyte Activation by Toll-Like Receptor Ligands: Modulation by PPAR- Agonists
Figure 14
Pioglitazone enhances CXCL2 release by astrocytes following
TLR ligand exposure. Primary astrocytes were plated at cells/well in 96-well plates and incubated overnight. The following day, cells
were pretreated for 1 hour with the indicated concentrations of pioglitazone
prior to the addition of polyI:C, flagellin, or ssRNA. Cell-conditioned supernatants
were collected at 24 hours following TLR ligand exposure, whereupon CXCL2
levels were determined by ELISA. Significant differences between astrocytes
treated with TLR ligands alone versus TLR ligands + pioglitazone are noted with
asterisks . Results presented are representative of two independent experiments.
