PPAR Action in Human Placental Development and Pregnancy and Its Complications

Table 2

Effects of metabolic conditions on pregnancy-specific diseases (GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; PE: preeclampsia; IUGR: Intrauterine growth restriction; −: reduced risk; +: increased risk).

Influence on pregnancy-specific diseases
Conditions	GDM	PE	IUGR	Reference
Diabetes	—	+	—	Ostlund et al. [36]
Advanced maternal age	+	+	+	Delbaere et al. [53] Odibo et al. [37]
Hypertension	—	+	+	Sibai et al. [38]
Optimal nutrition	−	−	−	Artal et al. [41] Saftlas et al. [43] Scholl et al. [39]
Optimal exercise	−	−	—	Artal et al. [41] Zhang et al. [44] Sorensen et al. [42] Saftlas et al. [43]
Obesity	+	+	+	Cedergren [48] Saftlas et al. [43] O’Brien et al. [47] Ros et al. [45] Sebire et al. [46] Bodnar et al. [49]
Metabolic syndrome	+	+	+	Ray et al. [50]
Insulin resistance	—	+	—	Wolf et al. [51]
Periconceptional multivitamins	—	−	—	Bodnar et al. [52]