Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 2

Human clinical studies.

Authors	subjects (Type 2 DM)	n	regimens	Duration	Effect on UAE (%)	Effect on BP (mmHg)
Sironi et al. [65]	hyp	40	200 mg toroglitazone versus plb	8 weeks	+11%	−4/−3
Imano et al. [66]	mA, hyp	30	400 mg toroglitazone versus 500 mg metformin	12 weeks	−39%^a	−3/0
Nakamura et al. [67]	mA or MA	32	400 mg toroglitazone versus 5 mg glibenclamide	12 months	−67%^ain mA 0% in MA	−6^c
Nakamura et al. [68]	mA	45	30 mg Pio versus 5 mg glibenclamide versus 0.6 mg Vog	3 months	−66%^a	−6/−4
Nakamura et al. [69]	mA	28	30 mg Pio versus plb	6 months	−59%^a	−4^c
Aljabri et al. [70]	mA, hyp	62	30–45 mg Pio versus isophane insulin	16 weeks	−44%	−8/−5
Yanagawa et al. [71]	mA, hyp	40	Pio versus Met or glibenclamide	12 weeks	−45%^a	NA
Hanefeld et al. [72]	mA, hyp	639	15–45 mg Pio versus 850–2550 mg metformin	12 months	−15%^a	NA
Schernthaner et al. [73]	hyp	1199	15–45 mg Pio versus 850–2550 mg metformin	12 months	−19%^a	NA
Matthews et al. [74]	hyp	630	15–45 mg Pio versus 80–320 mg glibenclamide	12 months	−10%^a	NA
Agarwal et al. [75]	MA, hyp	44	Pio versus Glip	4 months	−7%	+3.7/+2.2
Lebovitz et al. [76]	mA, hyp	493	4 or 8 mg Rosi versus plb	26 weeks	4 mg group: −14% 8 mg group: −22%^a	NA
Sarafidis et al. [77]	hyp, mA	20	4 mg Rosi	6 months	−35%^a	−5.4^a/−4.1^a
Pistrosch et al. [78]	mA, hyp	19	non-mA patients: Rosi versus Nat, mA patients: Rosi versus plb	12 weeks	non-mA patients: +18%^b, mA patients: −66%^a,b,	NA

^aSignificant changes from baseline levels or other groups;
^bchange versus the group compared;
^cmean change for systolic BP versus baseline in patients treated with the TZD.
DM, diabetes mellitus; hyp, hypertension; mA, microalbuminuria; MA, macroalbuminuria; Glip, glipizide; Nat, nateglinide; plb, placebo; Pio, pioglitazone; Vog, voglibose; UAE, urine albumin excretion; NA, changes in blood pressure levels not applicable.