Regulation of Immune Responses and Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by PPARs

Table 2

The effects of PPARα agonists in EAE.

Agonists (concentration)	Effects on immune cells	Effects on CNS cells	References
Gemfibrozil (500 ug/day)	Suppress lymphocyte proliferation.; Increase IL4 production in T cells.; Inhibit IFNγ production. Inhibit the encephalitogenicity of MBP-primed T cells.; Switch the immune response from a Th1 to a Th2 profile.; Increase GATA-3 expression and decrease T-bet expression.; Regulate the IL-4 and IL-5 genes.	Reduce NO production by microglia.; Inhibit IL-1𝛽and IL-6 production by astrocytes.	Lovett-Racke [59], Dasgupta et al. [60], Gocke et al. [31]
Fenofibrate	Suppress lymphocyte proliferation	Inhibit NO production by microglial cells and astrocytes.; Inhibit TNF-𝛼expression, IL-1𝛽and IL-6 production by astrocytes.; Inhibit NF-κB binding activity in astrocytes.; Repress IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-23 and IL-27p28 production by microglia.	Lovett-Racke [59], Xu et al. [61, 62]
Ciprofibrate	Suppress lymphocyte proliferation.; Increase IL4 production in T cells.	Inhibit IL-1𝛽and IL-6 production by astrocytes	Lovett-Racke [59], Xu et al. [62]
WY 14643	Increase IL4 production in splenocytes	Inhibit NO production by astrocytes.; Inhibit TNF-𝛼expression, IL-1𝛽and IL-6 production by astrocytes.	Xu et al. [62], Cunard et al. [18, 19]