Review Article

PPARs: Nuclear Receptors Controlled by, and Controlling, Nutrient Handling through Nuclear and Cytosolic Signaling

Table 1

Tissue distributions of the various PPARs (RNA and protein) in adult rodents and humans. Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal; WAT, white adipose tissue; BAT, brown adipose tissue; CNS, central nervous system. Symbols: −, absent; ±, barely detectable; +, weak; ++, moderate; +++, high; ++++, very high (Taken from [26, 28, 45]).

TissueProtein/mRNAPPAR PPAR / PPAR

GI tract
MouseProtein++++
HumanmRNA+ or +++ to ++++++ to ++++
MousemRNA+ or +++
RatmRNA++ to ++++++ to +++++ to ++

Liver
MouseProtein+++
RatProtein++++
HumanmRNA+ to +++++ or +++ to ++
MousemRNA++++
RatmRNA++++++

Kidney
MouseProtein+++
HumanmRNA++ to +++++ to ++++ to +++
MousemRNA+++
RatmRNA+++ to +++++++±

Heart
MouseProtein++
HumanmRNA+++ to +++++ or +++++ to +++
MousemRNA++
RatmRNA+ or ++++±

WAT
HumanmRNA+++++++
RatmRNA++++++

BAT
MousemRNA+++
RatmRNA++++++++++

CNS
RatmRNA++ or +++±

Brain
MouseProtein++
HumanmRNA+++ or +++
RatmRNA++++

Skeletal muscle
MouseProtein+
HumanmRNA++ to ++++++ or +++++ or +++
MousemRNA++++++±
RatmRNA++++++±

Skin
MouseProtein+++
RatmRNA+±

Lung
MouseProtein++
HumanmRNA++ or +++++++
RatmRNA++++