Effects of Pioglitazone on Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Nondiabetic Patients (EPICAMP Study): A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial

Table 2

Analysis of changes in assessed variables in pioglitazone and placebo groups^a.

Variable (mean ± SD)	Pioglitazone			Placebo			Between-group comparisons
	Baseline; (𝑛=53)	Week 24; (𝑛=40)	P value	Baseline; (𝑛=51)	Week 24; (𝑛=45)	P value	Corrected difference; (95% CI)	P value
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	30.26 ± 3.23	31.29 ± 3.84	0.451	30.06 ± 4.20	30.36 ± 4.16	0.103	+.73; (0.1 to 1.3)	0.015
Waist-circumference (cm)	102.72 ± 9.26	101.97 ± 10.17	<0.001	101.74 ± 10.18	99.58 ± 10.25	0.003	+1.42; (−0.9 to 3.8)	0.228
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.97 ± 0.07	0.93 ± 0.08	<0.001	0.96 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.06	<0.001	+.004; (−0.02 to 0.03)	0.712
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic	129.22 ± 14.87	117.50 ± 10.40	<0.001	134.23 ± 21.14	124.10 ± 14.82	<0.001	−1.59; (−8.0 to 4.8)	0.623
Diastolic	82.50 ± 8.33	77.97 ± 4.55	0.002	85.64 ± 10.21	81.41 ± 7.52	0.005	−.30; (−4.3 to 3.7)	0.882
Serum lipids (mg/dL)
Total cholesterol	204.65 ± 31.10	210.46 ± 36.09	0.267	215.80 ± 40.41	210.03 ± 39.98	0.218	+11.58; (−2.2 to 25.3)	0.097
HDL-C	42.00 ± 10.52	44.86 ± 11.15	0.030	43.05 ± 8.68	42.85 ± 10.32	0.826	+3.06; (0.02 to 6.1)	0.048
LDL-C	110.18 ± 19.60	114.85 ± 23.00	0.187	118.15 ± 29.54	121.33 ± 29.21	0.293	+1.50; (−7.6 to 10.6)	0.743
Triglycerides	226.54 ± 145.53	195.54 ± 107.88	0.053	202.97 ± 108.41	189.51 ± 75.76	0.365	−17.54; (−60.1 to 25.0)	0.414
Liver transaminases (U/L)
ALT	29.97 ± 12.99	24.95 ± 8.89	0.015	26.53 ± 12.09	30.15 ± 15.30	0.026	−8.65; (−13.6 to −3.7)	0.001
AST	26.92 ± 6.28	22.44 ± 4.76	<0.001	25.25 ± 6.16	24.85 ± 7.83	0.711	−4.07; (−7.2 to −1.0)	0.010
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	98.57 ± 13.10	97.78 ± 19.05	0.782	94.10 ± 11.17	95.12 ± 11.20	0.478	−1.81; (−7.9 to 4.3)	0.555
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)	13.24 ± 5.74	9.88 ± 4.02	0.003	13.43 ± 7.96	12.18 ± 6.08	0.196	−2.11; (−4.9 to 0.7)	0.137
HOMA-IR index	3.21 ± 1.38	2.31 ± 1.02	0.003	3.18 ± 2.05	2.94 ± 1.67	0.334	−0.67; (−1.4 to 0.1)	0.077
White blood cells (10^3/mL)	6.25 ± 1.40	5.81 ± 1.09	0.038	6.58 ± 1.36	6.31 ± 1.15	0.135	−0.17; (−0.7 to 0.4)	0.530
hs-CRP (mg/L)	3.14 ± 2.03	2.09 ± 1.02	0.030	2.26 ± 1.26	2.37 ± 1.42	0.743	−1.16; (−2.3 to −0.1)	0.040
ADMA (μm/L)	0.64 ± 0.36	0.61 ± 0.16	0.675	0.70 ± 0.40	0.63 ± 0.13	0.316	+0.02; (−0.2 to 0.2)	0.812

aAbbreviations are defined in the text.