Polymorphisms in PPAR Genes (PPARD, PPARG, and PPARGC1A) and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Japanese: Cross-Sectional Data from the J-MICC Study

Table 1

Comparison of characteristics between subjects with and without CKD (N = 3,315).

	CKD (+)	CKD (−)	P value
	(𝑛=575)	(n = 2,740)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	53.6±6.1	78.3±12.5	<0.001
Age (years)	60.5±7.2	55.9±8.7	<0.001
Male	268 (46.6%)	1,345 (49.1%)	0.280
Body mass index	23.5±3.1	23.4±3.3	0.507
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	130.2±19.8	128.1±19.3	0.020
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	78.9±12.4	78.6±11.9	0.607
Use of antihypertensive drugs	155 (27.0%)	492 (18.0%)	<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	99.0±22.1	100.0±20.8	0.377
HbA1c (%)	5.22±0.70	5.22±0.66	0.885
Use of glucose-lowering drugs	33 (5.7%)	112 (4.1%)	0.078
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	218.1±33.8	211.0±34.0	<0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	62.0±16.0	63.3±16.3	0.086
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	106 (75–149)	104 (74–154)	0.832
Use of lipid-lowering drugs	72 (12.5%)	227 (8.3%)	0.001
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.55±1.49	5.11±1.33	<0.001
Cardiovascular diseases	34 (5.9%)	79 (2.9%)	<0.001
Cerebrovascular diseases	31 (5.4%)	52 (1.9%)	<0.001
Current smokers	72 (12.5%)	492 (18.0%)	0.002
Current drinkers	302 (52.5%)	1,533 (55.9%)	0.133

Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (interquartile range). CKD: chronic kidney disease. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m².