Research Article

6-Gingerol Normalizes the Expression of Biomarkers Related to Hypertension via PPARδ in HUVECs, HEK293, and Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells

Figure 2

Western blot analyses for PPAR, AMPK, and eNOS in HUVECs treated with cholesterol, palmitate, 6-gingerol, GSK0660, and compound C. (a, b, c) 6-Gingerol ameliorated the levels of PPARδ, AMPK, and eNOS abnormally expressed in HUVECs treated with cholesterol and palmitate. The effects of 6-gingerol were reversed by a PPARδ antagonist. (d) The AMPK antagonist, compound C, did not affect the protein level of PPAR in HUVECs. The results are expressed as the means ± SEM (n=3). Values were statistically analyzed using unpaired t-tests. All experiments were repeated three or more times. The statistical significance between the two experimental groups was marked as p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001. Meaning of indications: Ctrl indicates an untreated normal control group, CP indicates a cholesterol and palmitate-treated group, CPG indicates a cholesterol, palmitate, and 6-gingerol treated group, and CPGG indicates a cholesterol, palmitate, 6-gingerol, and GSK0660 treated group.
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