6-Gingerol Normalizes the Expression of Biomarkers Related to Hypertension via PPARδ in HUVECs, HEK293, and Differentiated 3T3-L1 Cells

Figure 7

Western blot analyses for PPAR, AMPK, PGC-1 in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells treated with 6-gingerol and GSK0660; western blot analyses for PPAR and AMPK in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells treated with compound C; the estimation of OCRs in undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. (a, b) 6-Gingerol increased the levels for PPARδ, AMPK, and PGC-1α compared to differentiation control in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells; however, the effects of 6-gingerol were reversed by PPARδ antagonist. (c) The AMPK antagonist, compound C, did not affect the protein level of PPAR in 3T3-L1 cells. (d) The oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were elevated in both undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The results are expressed as means ± SEM (n=3). Values were statistically analyzed by unpaired t-test. All experiments were repeated three or more times. The statistical significance between the two experimental groups was marked as p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001. Meaning of indications: Ctrl means untreated normal control group, D-Ctrl means differentiation control group without treatment, G means 6-gingerol treated group during differentiation, and GG means 6-gingerol and GSK0660 treated group during differentiation, Comp. C means AMPK antagonist, compound C.

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