15-Deoxy-∆-^12,14-Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), an Endogenous Ligand of PPAR-: Function and Mechanism

Table 2

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of 15d-PGJ2.

Type	Mechanism	Cell type	Dosage	References
macrophage	IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1, ICAM-1	RAW264.7	5 μM	[45]
macrophage	MIP-1β, TNF-α, NOS2	Primary liver; macrophages	0.5–2.5 μM	[46]
endothelial cells	NF-κB, TNF-α,; VCAM-1, ICAM-1	Aortic endothelial cells	10 μM	[47]
endothelial cells	ROS, Apoptosis	Cerebral endothelial cells (CECs)	1 μM	[48]
endothelial cells	IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM-1	Human ARPE19 retinal pigment epithelial cells	10–20 μM	[49]
Liver	NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6	LO2 and RAW264.7 cells, mice	2 μM, 30 μg/mL	[50]
	COX-2	HepG2 cells	5 μM, 10 μM	[51]
	NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8	HepG2 cells	2 μM, 5 μM	[52]
Lung	TNF-α, NF-κB, ICAM-1, CINC-1	Rats	0.3 mg/kg	[53]
	TNF-α, CINC‐1,; IL-10, NF-κB	Mice	1 mg/kg	[54]
	IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10	Mice; MDCK, Calu-3 cells	250 μg/kg; 10 μM	[56]
Nervous system	TNF-α, IL-1β	Rats	200 μg/kg/	[59]
	ROS	Primary neurons cells	5 μM	[60]
	ROS, NOX	Primary cortical neurons	1 μM	[61]
	Autophagy, ROS	Mice	10 μL icv	[62]
Gout arthritis	IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-33, NF-κB	Mice	3, 10, or 30 μg/kg	[9]
Cartilage	IL-1β, NF-κB, COX-2, HSP70	Chondrocytes	10 μM	[63]
Chronic eosinophilia	IL-33, IL-17, IL-23	Mice	100, 300 or 1000 μg/kg	[64]
Acute pancreatitis	TLR4, CCL2	Pancreatic acini cells	10 μM	[65]