the increas preval obes fundament contributor grow preval metabol syndrom rexinoid class compound select bind activ rxr be studi potenti option treatment metabol syndrom these compound have glucoselow insulinsensit antiobes effect anim model insulin resist type 2 diabet howev undesir side effect hypertriglyceridemia suppress thyroid hormon axi also occur this review examin compar effect four rxrselect ligand lgd1069 lg100268 agn194204 lg101506 select rxr modul similar select modul other nuclear receptor estrogen receptor serms lg101506 bind rxr select maintain desir characterist effect rexinoid while minim undesir effect these recent find suggest continu research effort rxrspecif ligand improv pharmacolog profil may eventu avail addit treatment option current epidem obes insulin resist type 2 diabet all associ metabol sequela

Jane A. Pinaire

Anne  Reifel-Miller

Therapeutic Potential of Retinoid X Receptor Modulators for the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome

time when twin epidem obes type 2 diabet threaten engulf even most wellresourc western healthcar system nuclear receptor peroxisom proliferatoractiv receptor ppar has emerg bona fide therapeut target treat human metabol diseas the novel insulinsensit antidiabet thiazolidinedion tzds rosiglitazon pioglitazon which licens use treatment type 2 diabet highaffin ppar ligand whose benefici effect extend beyond improv glycaem control includ amelior dyslipidaemia lower blood pressur favour modul macrophag lipid handl inflammatori respons howev major drawback clinic use exisit tzds weight gain reflect both enhanc adipogenesi fluid retent neither which desir popul alreadi overweight prone cardiovascular diseas accord search identifi next generat ppar modul promot maxim clinic benefit target specif facet metabol syndrom glucos intoler diabet dyslipidaemia hypertens while simultan avoid undesir side effect ppar activ weight gain this paper outlin import clinic laboratori observ made human subject harbor genet variat ppar support therapeut strategi

Mark  Gurnell

&#8216;Striking the Right Balance&#8217; in Targeting PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B3;</mml:mi></mml:math> in the Metabolic Syndrome: Novel Insights from Human Genetic Studies

ppar involv cell growth investig vivo vitro correl cell prolifer apoptot death vivo ppar were evalu colon cancer specimen adjac nonneoplast colon mucosa ppar increas most cancer specimen versus mucosa decreas cmyc pcna protein suggest colon cancer growth due increas cell surviv rather than increas prolifer the preval surviv over prolifer confirm bcl2 bcl increas cancer versus mucosa decreas ppar vitro ppar ppar were evalu human tumor normal cell line treat natur synthet ligand ppar involv inhibit cell prolifer decreas cmyc protein wherea ppar involv induc apoptosi modul bcl2 bad protein this involv confirm use specif antagonist two ppars moreov result obtain treat cell line ppar ligand confirm observ colon cancer invers correl between ppar bcl2 between ppar cmyc

G. Martinasso

M. Oraldi

A. Trombetta

M. Maggiora

O. Bertetto

R. A. Canuto

G. Muzio

Involvement of PPARs in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Specimens and in  Normal and Cancer  Cell Lines

polycyst ovari syndrom pcos most common endocrin disord women reproduct age famili cluster pcos has been consist report suggest genet factor play role develop syndrom although pcos case exhibit clear pattern mendelian inherit now well establish pcos repres complex trait similar type2 diabet obes both inherit environment factor contribut pcos pathogenesi larg number function candid gene have been test associ linkag pcos phenotyp more negat than posit find lack univers accept diagnost criteria difficulti assign male phenotyp obscur mode inherit particular small sampl size studi popul appear major limit genet studi pcos near futur util genomewid scan approach hapmap project provid stronger potenti genet analysi syndrom

Ugur Unluturk

Ayla Harmanci

Cetin Kocaefe

Bulent O. Yildiz

The Genetic Basis of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review Including Discussion of PPAR-<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi></mml:math>

the interest genet manipul ppars old discoveri receptor ligand benefici clinic activ consid effect ppar ligand critic aspect system physiolog includ obes lipid metabol insulin resist diabet gene knockout mice ideal platform both hypothesi test discoveri new ppar function vivo with fervent pursuit magic bullet erad obes epidem special emphasi has been place impact ppars obes it associ diseas detail review understand how ppars regul gene express basic metabol pathway necessari intermedi rout deciph effect obes over decad dozen genet modif ppars effort valuabl lesson have been learn left more question answer these lesson futur prospect subject review

Yaacov Barak

Suyeon Kim

Genetic Manipulations of PPARs: Effects on Obesity and Metabolic Disease

peroxisom proliferatoractiv receptor ppar key regul lipid metabol energi balanc implic develop insulin resist obes the identif putat natur synthet ligand activ ppar has help unravel molecular basi it function includ molecular detail regard ligand bind conform chang receptor cofactor bind lead emerg concept select ppar modul sppar sppar bind distinct manner ligandbind pocket ppar lead altern receptor conform differenti cofactor recruit displac differenti gene express ultim differenti biolog respons base concept new improv antidiabet agent treatment diabet develop this review summar current knowledg mechan action biolog effect recent character sppar includ metaglidasen halofen pa082 angiotensin receptor antagonist recent character new class sppar

Fang  Zhang

Brian E. Lavan

Francine M. Gregoire

Selective Modulators of PPAR-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B3;</mml:mi></mml:math> Activity: Molecular Aspects Related to Obesity and Side-Effects

peroxisom proliferatoractiv receptor ppars transcript factor act lipid sensor adapt metabol rate various tissu concentr dietari lipid ppars pharmacolog target treatment metabol disord ppar ppar activ hypolipidem insulinsensit compound fibrat thiazolidinedion the role ppar metabol regul remain unclear until recent treatment obes monkey rodent specif ppar agonist promot normal metabol paramet reduct adipos recent evid strong suggest some benefici action relat activ fatti acid catabol skelet muscl also ppar involv adapt respons skelet muscl environment chang longterm fast physic exercis control number oxid myofib these observ indic ppar agonist might have therapeut use metabol syndrom increas fatti acid consumpt skelet muscl reduc obes

Céline Gaudel

Paul A. Grimaldi

Metabolic Functions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>δ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> in Skeletal Muscle

transcript cofactor integr proper function regul nuclear receptor member peroxisom proliferatoractiv receptor ppar famili nuclear receptor involv regul lipid carbohydr metabol they modul gene transcript respons wide varieti ligand process mediat transcript coactiv corepressor the mechan which cofactor mediat transcript regul nuclear receptor function still be elucid the rapid increas array cofactor has brought focus need clear understand how cofactor interact ligand cellspecif manner this review highlight differenti effect assort cofactor regul transcript action ppar summar recent advanc understand physiolog function corepressor coactiv

Emily Powell

Peter Kuhn

Wei Xu

Nuclear Receptor Cofactors in PPAR<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi></mml:math>-Mediated Adipogenesis and Adipocyte Energy Metabolism

uncoupl protein ucps mitochondri membran transport involv control energi convers mitochondria experiment genet evid relat dysfunct ucps metabol syndrom obes the ppar subtyp mediat larg extent transcript regul ucp gene distinct relev depend ucp gene tissu which express ucp1 gene under dual control ppar ppar relat brown adipocyt differenti lipid oxid respect ucp3 gene regul ppar ppar muscl heart adipos tissu ucp2 gene also under control ppars even tissu which predomin express ucp pancrea liver this review summar current understand role ppars ucps gene express normal condit also context type2 diabet obes

Francesc Villarroya

Roser Iglesias

Marta Giralt

PPARs in the Control of Uncoupling Proteins Gene Expression

the worldwid preval obes relat metabol disord rise rapid increas burden our healthcar system obesiti often accompani excess fat storag tissu other than adipos tissu includ liver skelet muscl which may lead local insulin resist may stimul inflamm steatohepat addit obes chang morpholog composit adipos tissu lead chang protein product secret some secret protein includ sever proinflammatori mediat may produc macrophag resid adipos tissu the chang inflammatori status adipos tissu liver obes feed grow recognit obes repres state chronic lowlevel inflamm various molecular mechan have been implic obesityinduc inflamm some which modul peroxisom proliferatoractiv receptor ppars ppars ligandactiv transcript factor involv regul numer biolog process includ lipid glucos metabol overal energi homeostasi important ppars also modul inflammatori respons which make them interest therapeut target mitig obesityinduc inflamm it consequ this review address role ppars obesityinduc inflamm specif adipos tissu liver vascular wall

Rinke Stienstra

Caroline Duval

Michael Müller

Sander Kersten

PPARs, Obesity, and Inflammation

peroxisom proliferatoractiv receptor ppars member nuclear receptor superfamili the three subtyp ppar ppar ppar express multipl organ these transcript factor regul differ physiolog function energi metabol includ lipid carbohydr metabol insulin action immun inflamm appar also act import mediat longev age calori restrict most effect intervent known delay age increas lifespan calori restrict affect same physiolog function ppars this review summar recent find effect age express ppar mice discuss possibl involv ppars mediat effect murin longev gene the level ppars chang age appear prevent alter which make pparscraging depend consider interest

Michal M. Masternak

Andrzej Bartke

PPARs in Calorie Restricted and Genetically Long-Lived Mice

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PPAR Research publishes articles related to mechanisms involved in the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, as well as their role in regulation of cellular differentiation, development, energy homeostasis and metabolic function.

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