A Compendium of Urinary Biomarkers Indicative of Glomerular Podocytopathy

Table 1

Urinary biomarkers of podocytopathy in patients: increased urinary levels correlate with the presence or the advancement of glomerular disease (except when otherwise noted*).

Protein		mRNA		Exosomal transcription factor		PPGS
Podocalyxin	IgAN [55, 56, 60, 61]; HSPN [55, 56]; DN [58, 67]; FSGS—increased u-podocalyxin correlates with better prognosis [62]*; AKI—increased u-podocalyxin in recovering patients [66]*; PE [65]	Podocalyxin	DN [69]	WT1	FSGS [138]	AcGN [139]; NS [103, 139]; IgAN [103]; HSPN [103]; LN [103]
Nephrin	DN [77, 78]; PE [65, 80]	Nephrin	DN [87, 89]; PE [91]; FSGS [90]; LN [86, 88]; IgAN [89]; MCD [89]; MN [89]
Podocin	PE [64]	Podocin	PE [91]; DN [69, 89]; IgAN [89]; MCD [89]; MN [89]; LN [85] and—decrease in u-podocin mRNA follows decrease in GFR [88]*
CR1	AuGN [103]; NS [103]; LN [57] and—lower u-CR1 in advanced cases [102]*; MN [57]; MPGN [57]; AS [57]; PSAGN [57]; HSPN [57]; IgAN [57]	CD2AP	DN [69]
CD80	Relapsed MCD [104]	B7-1^a	FSGS [90]
Mindin	DN [123]	Synaptopodin	DN [69, 87, 113]; LN—decrease of u-synaptopodin mRNA follows decrease in GFR [88]*
CD59	MG [131]	𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑁4^b	DN [69]

Numbers in parentheses refer to citations that can be noted in the References section of this paper.
Abbreviations: messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), complement receptor 1 (CR1), Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1), CD-2-associated protein (CD2AP), podocalyxin positive granular structures (PPGS), urinary podocalyxin (u-podocalyxin), urinary CR1 (u-CR1), urinary podocin mRNA (u-podocin mRNA), urinary synaptopodin mRNA (u-synaptopodin mRNA), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN), diabetic nephropathy (DN), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), acute kidney injury (AKI), preeclampsia (PE), lupus nephritis (LN), minimal change disease (MCD), membranous nephropathy (MN), nephrotic syndrome (NS), acute glomerulonephritis (AuGN), active glomerulonephritis (AcGN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), Alport syndrome (AS), and poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN).
∗This table summarizes that the majority of studies presented direct correlation of increased urinary levels of a biomarker with the incident or worsening of a specific glomerular disease; however, some studies (as noted with an asterisk and a short explanation) presented opposite findings and are thus highlighted.
aB7-1 encodes for CD80.
bACTN4 encodes for α-actinin 4.