Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FNMTC) makes up to 5&#x2013;10&#x25; of all thyroid cancers, also including those FNMTC occurring as a minor component of familial cancer syndromes, such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). We give evidence that this extracolonic manifestation of FAP is determined by the same germline mutation of the APC gene responsible for colonic polyps and cancer but also shows some unusual features (F&#x2009;:&#x2009;M ratio = 80&#x2009;:&#x2009;1, absence of LOH for APC in the thyroid tumoral tissue, and indolent biological behaviour, despite frequent multicentricity and lymph nodal involvement), suggesting that the APC gene confers only a generic susceptibility to thyroid cancer, but perhaps other factors, namely, modifier genes, sex-related factors, or environmental factors, are also required for its phenotypic expression. This great variability is against the possibility of classifying all FNMTC as a single entity, not only with a unique or prevalent causative genetic factor, but also with a unique or common biological behavior and a commonly dismal prognosis. A new paradigm is also suggested that could be useful (1) for a proper classification of FAP associated PTC within the larger group of FNMTC and (2) for making inferences to sporadic carcinogenesis, based on the lesson from FAP.

Francesco Cetta

FAP Associated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Peculiar Subtype of Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer

The prognostic role of N-glycolyl GM3 ganglioside (NeuGcGM3) expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) still remains controversial. In this study, the NeuGcGM3 expression was reevaluated using an increased number of NSCLC cases and the 14F7 Mab (a highly specific IgG1 raised against NeuGcGM3). An immunohistochemical score integrating the percentage of 14F7-positive cells and the intensity of reaction was applied to reassess the relationship between NeuGcGM3 expression, some clinicopathological features, and the overall survival (OS) of NSCLC patients. The double and the triple expression of NeuGcGM3 with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and/or its ligand, the epidermal growth factor (EGF), were also evaluated. NeuGcGM3 expression correlates with both S-Phase fraction (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M1" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" 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Additionally, NeuGcGM3 expression was associated with a poor OS of patients in both univariate (<svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M3" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" 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height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g></svg>) analysis. Moreover, the double and/or the triple positivity of tumors to NeuGcGM3, EGFR, and/or EGF permitted us to identify phenotypes of NSCLC with a more aggressive biological behavior. Our results are in agreement with the negative prognostic significance of NeuGcGM3 expression in NSCLC patients. However, standardization of techniques to determine the expression of NeuGcGM3 in NSCLC as well as the implementation of a universal scoring system is recommended.

Ranc&#xe9;s Blanco

Elizabeth Dom&#xed;nguez

Orlando Morales

Dami&#xe1;n Blanco

Darel Mart&#xed;nez

Charles E. Rengifo

Carmen Viada

Mercedes Cede&#xf1;o

Enrique Rengifo

Adriana Carr

Prognostic Significance of N-Glycolyl GM3 Ganglioside Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients: New Evidences

<i  >Background</i>. Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most frequent malignant tumor worldwide and the third most common cancers in developing countries. Oral leukoplakia is the best-known precursor lesion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to compare immunohistochemical expression of antiapoptotic protein survivin in normal oral mucosa, oral leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. <i  >Method</i>. Total 45 specimens of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks, 15 in each of the following: normal oral mucosa, leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma were used for the study. Immunohistochemical reaction for survivin protein was performed for the 4&#x2009;<i  >&#xb5;</i>m thick histological sections taken on positively charged slides. <i  >Results</i>. 20&#x25; normal mucosa cases, 53.33&#x25; cases of leukoplakia, and 80&#x25; of oral squamous cell carcinoma were found out to be survivin positive. One way ANOVA test indicated statistically significant difference of survivin expression between the three different groups <svg  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"   style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" id="M1" height="12.7178pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 59.8193 12.7178" width="59.8193pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-41" d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="346" vert-adv-y="346" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="593" vert-adv-y="593" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="228" vert-adv-y="228" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480" /></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,55.027,0)"><path id="g113-42" d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z" /><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="346" vert-adv-y="346" /></g></svg>. <i  >Conclusion</i>. A high incidence of survivin protein expression in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma samples indicate that survivin protein expression may be an early event in initiation and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Amita Negi

Abhiney Puri

Rakhi Gupta

Rajat Nangia

Alisha Sachdeva

Megha Mittal

Comparison of Immunohistochemical Expression of Antiapoptotic Protein Survivin in Normal Oral Mucosa, Oral Leukoplakia, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Immunohistochemistry is important for the accurate diagnosis of basal cells in atypical glandular proliferations of the prostate. p40, an isoform of p63, may be an adjunct to a marker panel in this setting. Biopsies of 68 patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to 34betaE12 and p40. Basal cell staining was classified as negative, partial (&#x3c;60&#x25;), or diffuse (&#x2265;60&#x25;); irregular staining was defined as discordant staining patterns. In acinar proliferations (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" id="M1" height="9.21094pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 40.1168 9.21094" width="40.1168pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-79" d="M822 650H589L583 622C660 617 677 607 674 561C672 534 664 481 647 390L600 137H596L273 650H126L120 622C176 620 194 615 207 594C221 571 225 557 214 504L161 257C141 166 129 112 121 85C108 42 83 30 29 28L23 0H260L266 28C193 33 173 42 176 89C178 122 186 172 202 255L256 527H259L583 -8H612L690 390C708 481 720 535 728 558C744 603 756 619 816 622L822 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,15.155,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.893,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.396,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g></svg>), partial staining for both markers was seen in 42&#x25;, and diffuse staining in 46&#x25; of reactive cases. An irregular reactivity was noted in one case only (2&#x25;). Finally, these lesions were signed out as benign. Acinar proliferations negative for both markers and limited amount of glands (&#x2264;4) were termed atypical small acinar proliferations (ASAP). Out of six PIN lesions two cases showed partial, three cases showed diffuse reactivity for both markers, and one case was stained irregular. All cases diagnosed as prostate carcinomas (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" id="M2" height="9.21094pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 40.1168 9.21094" width="40.1168pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-79"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,15.155,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.893,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.396,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g></svg>) had no evidence of basal cell staining for neither of the markers. p40 expression is closely correlated to 34betaE12 with respect to demonstration of basal cells of prostate glands and may provide further information on the dignity of glandular proliferations of the prostate.

Hermann Brustmann

p40 as a Basal Cell Marker in the Diagnosis of Prostate Glandular Proliferations: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study with 34betaE12

<i>Objectives</i>. To carry out a descriptive analysis of the expression of the EP3 receptors of PGE2 in different histological grades of OSCC and adjacent normal epithelium. <i>Material and Methods</i>. A total of 46 patients presenting with various histological subtypes and grades of OSCC were recruited from Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Nishtar Institute of Dentistry Multan. Microscopically tumour subtyping and histological grading according to Anneroth&#x2019;s grading system were carried out. Immunohistochemical staining with rabbit polyclonal EP3 receptor antibody was performed and sections were scored for intensity and proportion of positive adjacent squamous epithelial and tumour cells. <i>Results</i>. Out of 46 patients <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M1" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-111" d="M495 86L479 114C446 82 419 66 409 66C401 66 401 72 406 97C420 166 436 231 453 297C489 435 454 448 428 448C406 448 384 439 354 422C305 394 222 327 161 247H159L183 345C200 415 194 448 173 448C143 448 82 410 23 351L38 325C64 349 95 371 105 371C111 371 116 365 109 336L25 -4L31 -12C50 -4 77 3 107 9C119 69 132 122 145 168C197 254 321 381 370 381C387 381 393 374 378 305L329 95C309 17 320 -12 345 -12C372 -12 430 19 495 86Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.827,0)"><path id="g113-57" d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z"/></g></svg> (60.9&#x25;) were well differentiated, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M2" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.827,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg> (32.6&#x25;) were moderately differentiated, and only <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M3" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 29.0065 8.91176" width="29.0065pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g></svg> (6.5&#x25;) were poorly differentiated. All <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M4" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.828,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg> cases of OSCC were positive for EP3 receptor antibody, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M5" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.827,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg> (30.4&#x25;) cases had strong intensity of anti EP3 antibody staining in tumour tissue, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M6" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.827,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g></svg> (37&#x25;) cases showed moderate intensity, and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2130003pt" id="M7" height="8.91176pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 35.534 8.91176" width="35.534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,10.586,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,22.324,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,28.827,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-54"/></g></svg> (32.6&#x25;) cases showed weak intensity. <i>Conclusion</i>. Prostanoid EP3 receptors are widely but variably expressed in OSCC. Most of well differentiated OSCC cases show a moderate to strong expression of EP3 receptors. However, insignificant statistical relation to histological grades of OSCC has been observed. This might be due to small sample size of the study.

Muhammad Kashif

Muhammad Ishfaq

A. H. Nagi

Expression of Prostanoid EP3 Receptors in Oral Squamous Epithelium and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) are endemic in Morocco. They are common in the human population in different localities such as Aichoun in Sefrou province, Morocco. This study was carried out in Aichoun locality from April to October 2012 in order to study the spatiotemporal trends of the main <i>Leishmania</i> phlebotomine vectors in this focus. Overall, 1171 sand flies, belonging to four species, were collected by sticky traps. <i>Phlebotomus sergenti</i> was the predominant species (78.4&#x25;) followed by <i>Ph. perniciosus</i> (10.5&#x25;), <i>Ph. papatasi</i> (7.94&#x25;), and <i>Ph. longicuspis</i> (3.16&#x25;). Sandflies were active during 6 months (May&#x2013;October). <i>Ph. sergenti, Ph. perniciosus</i>, and <i>Ph. papatasi</i> displayed a bimodal distribution with a first peak in July and a second peak in September, while <i>Ph. longicuspis</i> showed a monophasic trend with a peak in August. The high abundance and the lengthy period of activity of <i>Ph. sergenti</i> and <i>Ph. perniciosus</i>, vectors of <i>L. tropica</i> and <i>L. infantum</i>, respectively, are a cause for concern as they indicate the high potential risk of <i>Leishmania</i>  transmission in the studied areas.

Fatima Zahra Talbi

Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami

Abdellatif Janati Idrissi

Faiza Sebti

Chafika Faraj

Leishmaniasis in Central Morocco: Seasonal Fluctuations of Phlebotomine Sand Fly in Aichoun Locality, from Sefrou Province

<i>Background</i>. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has attempted to standardize reporting and cytological criteria in aspiration smears. <i>Aims</i>. The objective of this study was to analyze the thyroid cytology smears by TBSRTC, to determine the distribution of diagnostic categories and subcategories, to analyze cytological features, and to correlate the cytopathology with histopathology, wherever surgery was done. <i>Materials and Methods</i>. This was a prospective study of 225 fine needle aspirations (FNA) of thyroid nodules. All fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnoses were classified according to the features given in the  monograph of TBSRTC into nondiagnostic/unsatisfactory (ND/UNS), benign, atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), follicular neoplasm/suspicious of a follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant. Cytohistological correlation was done, when surgical material was available. <i>Results</i>. The distribution of various categories from 225 evaluated thyroid nodules was as follows: 7.2&#x25; ND/UNS, 80.0&#x25; benign, 4.9&#x25; AUS/FLUS, 2.2&#x25; FN, 3.5&#x25; SFM, and 2.2&#x25; malignant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. <i>Conclusions</i>. TBSRTC is an excellent reporting system for thyroid FNA. It also provides clear management guidelines to clinicians to go for follow-up FNA or surgery and also the extent of surgery.

Payal Mehra

Anand Kumar Verma

Thyroid Cytopathology Reporting by the Bethesda System: A Two-Year Prospective Study in an Academic Institution

Aim of this study was to investigate heart valve calcification process by different biomineralogical techniques to provide morphological and chemical features of the ectopic deposit extracted from patients with severe mitral and aortic valve stenosis, to better evaluate this pathological process. Polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses brought to light the presence of nodular and massive mineralization forms characterized by different levels of calcification, as well as the presence of submicrometric calcified globular cluster, micrometric cavities containing disorganized tissue structures, and submillimeter pockets formed by organic fibers very similar to amyloid formations. Electron microprobe analyses showed variable concentrations of Ca and P within each deposit and the highest content of Ca and P within calcified tricuspid aortic valves, while powder X-ray diffraction analyses indicated in the nanometer range the dimension of the pathological bioapatite crystals. These findings indicated the presence of highly heterogeneous deposits within heart valve tissues and suggested a progressive maturation process with continuous changes in the composition of the valvular tissue, similar to the multistep formation process of bone tissue. Moreover the micrometric cavities represent structural stages of the valve tissue that immediately precedes the formation of heavily mineralized deposits such as bone-like nodules.

Valentina Cottignoli

Elena Cavarretta

Loris Salvador

Carlo Valfr&#xe9;

Adriana Maras

Morphological and Chemical Study of Pathological Deposits in Human Aortic and Mitral Valve Stenosis: A Biomineralogical Contribution

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