Needle Tip Position and Bevel Direction Have No Effect in the Fluoroscopic Epidural Spreading Pattern in Caudal Epidural Injections: A Randomized Trial

Table 1

The rates of bilateral and ventral drug spread at L4-5 and L5-S1 disc levels after injection of 4 mL of contrast medium or 14 mL of injectates.

Injection drug	Bilateral spread		Ventral spread
	L5-S1 level	L4-5 level	L5-S1 level	L4-5 level
4 mL of contrast	115/175 (65.7%)	35/56 (62.5%)	101/175 (57.7%)	24/56 (42.9%)
14 mL of injectates	170/199 (85.4%)	124/148 (83.8%)	149/199 (74.9%)	94/148 (63.5%)

The data is expressed as “the number of cases with spreading/total number of cases” (percent of cases with spreading).