Systematic Review of Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Treatment Facilities

Table 4

Medical treatments used at pain treatment facilities.

Treatment	Canada				United Kingdom				United States
	Peng et al. (2007) [18]	Peng et al. (2007) [21]	Veillette et al. (2005) [22]		Bisset (1988) [24]	Clinical Standards Advisory Group (2000) [25]	Dr. Foster & the Pain Society (2003) [26]		Castel et al. (2009) [29]	Csordas and Clark (1992) [30]	Hickling et al. (1985) [31]
Cryotherapy	—	—	6%		68.8%	—	49%		—	—	—
Injections	—	—	—		—	—	73%		—	—	—
Trigger point injection	63%	60%	88%		—	—	—		87%	4%	—
Botulinic toxin injection	44%	40%	26%		—	—	—		—	—	—
Continuous epidural	—	80%	—		68.8%	73%	61%		—	—	—
One-shot epidural or epidural injection	46%	60%	100%		—	96%	95%		76%	—	—
Facet joint/nerve injection	51%	60%	—		—	—	—		76%	—	—
Intravenous regional anaesthesia	31%	40%	82%		—	—	—		—	—	—
Nerve blocks	—	—	—		—	99%	—		—	36%	70.7%
Caudal block	37%	—	74%		—	—	—		—	—	—
Paravertebral nerve block	44%	40%	48%		—	—	—		—	—	—
Peripheral nerve block	49%	60%	90%		—	—	—		—	—	—
Radiofrequency lesioning	—	40%	—		—	51%	65%		—	—	—
Stellate ganglion nerve block	42%	60%	92%		—	—	—		—	—	—
Sympathetic block/local anesthetic	32%	40%	52%		81.3%	—	—		—	—	—
Pharmacotherapy	—	—	100%		100%	—	—		89%	—	—
Antidepressants/psychotropics	—	—	—		—	—	—		67%	40%	82.7%
Analgesics	—	—	—		—	—	—		72%	24%	—
Long-acting narcotics/opioids	—	—	—		—	75%	91%		74%		—
Spinal cord stimulation	—	—	12%		—	26%	38%		50%	—	—
Surgery	—	—	—		—	—	—		—	20%	34.7%
Percutaneous discectomy	—	—	—		—	—	—		20%	—	—

Note. Information on medical treatments was not available for National Pain Audit [27], [28] and Peng et al. [17]. Hogg et al. [20] did not state specific procedures but indicated that 87.7% of pain treatment facilities used some sort of interventional medicine procedure. De Benedittis and Lorenzetti [23] reported a mean utilization index instead of the percentage of facilities that used a specific procedure and data were therefore not included in the table. Articles reporting on a procedure not reported in another study were not included in the table ( procedures). Articles reporting treatments without percentages were not included.