Prevalence and Correlates of Pain in People Aged 60 Years and above in Singapore: Results from the WiSE Study

Table 1

Sociodemographic correlates of pain.

Variables	(participants who reported pain)	%	Odds ratio	95% CI	value
	560	19.49
Age group
60–74	331	18.2	Ref
75–84	151	23.8	1.3	(0.9, 1.9)	0.126
85+	78	25.9	1.3	(0.8, 2.9)	0.286
Gender
Males	183	15.2	Ref
Females	377	23.0	1.8	(1.2, 2.7)	0.003
Ethnicity
Chinese	163	17.9	Ref
Indians	222	30.9	2.4	(1.8, 3.0)	<0.001
Malay	162	23.0	1.4	(1.0, 1.9)	0.019
Others	13	39.0	3.4	(1.6, 7.5)	0.002
Marital status
Married/cohabiting	319	18.8	Ref
Divorced/separated	32	26.3	1.6	(0.8, 2.9)	0.159
Never married	26	16.7	0.9	(0.5, 1.7)	0.729
Widowed	183	21.1	0.7	(0.5, 1.1)	0.136
Education
Completed tertiary education	44	14.6	Ref
None	110	22.8	1.5	(0.8, 2.9)	0.199
Completed primary education	144	16.7	1.2	(0.7, 2.1)	0.547
Some, but did not complete primary education	143	25.5	2.0	(1.1, 3.6)	0.018
Completed secondary education	117	16.7	1.2	(0.7, 2.1)	0.629
Employment
Paid work (part-time and fulltime)	118	15.7	Ref
Homemaker	209	22.6	1.0	(0.6, 1.6)	0.970
Retired	221	21.3	1.3	(0.1, 1.1)	0.138
Unemployed	5	16.3	1.1	(0.3, 4.4)	0.907

Odds ratio was derived from logistic regression by controlling for all the correlates.