The Implications of Tobacco Smoking on Acute Postoperative Pain: A Prospective Observational Study

Table 4

Comparisons for postoperative outcomes on male patients.


		Nonsmokers	Current-smokers	Past-smokers	value	Adjusted value
		Nonsmokers	Current-smokers	Past-smokers	value	Gr1 versus Gr2	Gr2 versus Gr3

POD1	VASM1	5.1 ± 1.8	5.6 ± 1.8	5.0 ± 1.8	0.044	0.090	0.096
	VASR1	2.3 ± 1.2	2.9 ± 1.6	2.2 ± 1.0	0.006	0.045	0.208
	DOSE1 (mg)	25.7 ± 15.0	32.2 ± 19.8	25.9 ± 16.7	0.004	0.011	0.056
	PONV1	24 (15.4%)	23 (17.8%)	11 (8.9%)	0.113

POD2	VASM2	4.1 ± 1.5	4.4 ± 1.5	4.1 ± 1.7	0.179	0.158	0.344
	VASR2	1.4 ± 1.1	1.8 ± 1.3	1.6 ± 1.0	0.062	0.127	0.959
	DOSE2 (mg)	45.3 ± 25.9	64.7 ± 38.5	46.8 ± 28.1	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	PONV2	12 (7.6%)	5 (3.9%)	3 (2.5%)	0.106

POD3	VASM3	3.1 ± 1.3	3.4 ± 1.2	3.1 ± 1.2	0.187	0.818	0.818
	VASR3	0.9 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 1.0	0.9 ± 0.8	0.185	0.584	0.927
	DOSE3 (mg)	55.7 ± 32.9	77.9 ± 49.0	55.7 ± 33.3	<0.001	<0.001	0.002
	PONV3	4 (2.5%)	3 (2.3%)	0 (0%)	0.213

	Satisfied score	8.4 ± 0.8	8.3 ± 1.0	8.3 ± 0.9	0.833
	Morbidity	20 (13%)	21 (16%)	20 (17%)	0.649

Data were presented as mean ± SD or number (%). Gr1: nonsmokers group; Gr2: current-smokers group; Gr3: past-smokers group; POD1: postoperative day one; POD2: postoperative day two; POD3: postoperative day three; PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting; VASM: visual analogue scales on movement; VASR: visual analogue scales at rest; DOSE: postoperative morphine consumption; : when compared with nonsmokers or past-smokers. Controlling for age, weight, and surgical duration when dependent variable is DOSE; controlling for age and surgical duration when dependent variable is VASM and VASR.

Pain Research and Management

The Implications of Tobacco Smoking on Acute Postoperative Pain: A Prospective Observational Study

Table 4