| | Outcome | Group S | Group D |
| | Worst reported pain since surgery; median (IQR) (scale 0–10) | 8 (4.75, 10) | 5.5 (3, 8) | | Least reported pain since surgery; median (IQR) (scale 0–10) | 1.5 (0.75, 3) | 1.5 (0, 3.25) | | Frequency of severe pain since surgery; median% (IQR) | 25% (17.5%, 42.5%) | 20% (7.5%, 42.5%) | | Median (IQR) pain interference with | | | | Activities in bed | 7 (2, 8) | 5.5 (3, 7) | | Breathing/coughing | 4.5 (2, 8) | 4 (1, 6.25) | | Sleeping | 4.5 (0.75, 6) | 4 (1, 6) | | Out of bed activities | 5 (3, 7); | 4 (1, 6); | | Median (IQR) pain related | | | | Anxiety | 5 (1.75, 7.25) | 2 (0.75, 4.25) | | Helplessness | 5 (2, 7.25) | 2.5 (0, 6.25) | | Median (IQR) side effects | | | | Nausea | 5 (1, 9.25) | 2.5 (1, 7) | | Drowsiness | 8 (2.75, 9) | 5 (1, 7.25) | | Itching | 0 (0, 3.25) | 0 (0, 3.25) | | Dizziness | 4 (0, 8) | 1.5 (0, 4.25) | | Frequency of pain relief since surgery; median% (IQR) | 80% (67.5%, 90%) | 80% (70%, 90%) | | Require more pain relief; yes (%) | 5 (19.2%) | 7 (26.9%) | | Information about pain treatment received; yes (%) | 19 (73.1%) | 17 (65.4%) | | Level of participation in pain treatment decisions; median (IQR) | 8 (5.75, 10) | 8 (3.25, 10) | | Satisfied with the pain relief prescribed; median (IQR) | 8 (7.75, 9.25) | 8 (7.75, 10) | | Satisfied with the pain control overall; median (IQR) | 8.5 (7, 9.25) | 9 (7, 10) |
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