Xm² Scores for Estimating Total Exposure to Multimodal Strategies Identified by Pharmacists for Managing Pain: Validity Testing and Clinical Relevance

Figure 3

Percent of individuals reporting pain outcomes in the low- or high-exposure score groups. Satisfaction = satisfaction with pain management strategies: OR = 0.40 (95% CI = 0.18–0.88). Adverse = adverse events from pain management strategies: OR = 2.31 (95% CI = 1.18–4.52). Workdays = workdays lost due to pain in past six months: OR = 5.10 (1.92–13.58). Emergency = emergency department visits due to pain in past five years: OR = 3.40 (95% CI = 1.17–9.91). Hospital = hospital admissions due to pain in past five years: OR = 4.18 (95% CI = 0.86–20.37). For example, Figure 3 shows that 32% of individuals in the low-exposure group and 52% of individuals in the high-exposure group reported that they had experienced an adverse event due to their pain management strategies.