“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

Table 3

Medically inexplicable pain conditions. List of classification terms and references among 77 articles reviewed.

Classification	Reference
Pain without organic, observable, and objective symptoms	Bernardes et al. [6]
Pain without obvious cause	Bernardes et al. [6]
Medically unexplained symptoms	Barsky et al. [8]
Diagnoses of nonspecific symptoms and signs	Hamberg et al. [22]
Nonspecific symptom diagnoses	Hamberg et al. [22]
Chronic pain with unclear cause	Jarrett [53]
Disorders in the absence of organic lesions	Katz et al. [69]
Conditions, typically chronic, where no pathology can be identified in biomedical terms on diagnostic investigation	Grace [70]
Somatically experienced health problems that have no corresponding pathology	Grace [70]
Pain without objectively verifiable evidence of a somatic disease	Grace [70]
Pain without organic pathology	Grace [70]
A cluster of common and troubling symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue, and mood irregularities) that are not attributable to any organic abnormality	Barker [71]
Disorders with a lack of conventional biomedical evidence	Barker [71]
Medically unexplained disorders	Werner et al. [75]
Pain in the absence of “objective” diagnostic evidence of pathology	Bernardes and Lima [77]
Chronic pain without organic cause	Pujal and Mora [80]
Chronic nonmalignant pain	Skuladottir and Halldorsdottir [81]
“Medically unexplained symptoms”	Tait et al. [82]
Pain in the absence of diagnostic evidence of pathology	Bernardes et al. [84]