Early Factors Associated with the Development of Chronic Pain in Trauma Patients

Table 4

Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict the development of chronic pain in the derivation sample (N = 62,669).

Predictors	Odd ratios	95% CI
Female	1.26	1.19–1.33
Mechanism of injury
Fall	Reference	—
Motor vehicle accident	1.06	0.99–1.14
Weapon or blunt object	0.87	0.78–0.98
Other	1.12	1.00–1.25
AIS injury regions
Spinal cord	3.94	3.40–4.55
Disc, vertebra	1.58	1.46–1.70
Thorax/skeletal (rib or sternum)	1.19	1.10–1.28
Loss of consciousness	1.19	1.05–1.34
Brain, brainstem, cerebellum	0.83	0.76–0.91
History of alcoholism (%)	1.41	1.18–1.69
History of depression (%)	1.26	1.13–1.41
History of anxiety (%)	1.36	1.24–1.49

Because of strong collinearity between insurance status and age (patients aged ≥  65 were almost all covered by the Quebec prescription drug insurance plan), age was removed from the multivariate analysis. Odd ratios in bold were significant at .