Review Article

Perioperative Immunosuppression and Risk of Cancer Progression: The Impact of Opioids on Pain Management

Table 1

Opioids and their immunosuppressive effects [33ā€“35].

Strong immune modulationWeak or no immune modulation

MorphineBuprenorphine (the least or no effect)
FentanylOxycodone
SufentanylHydromorphone
CodeineTramadol