Review Article
Perioperative Immunosuppression and Risk of Cancer Progression: The Impact of Opioids on Pain Management
Table 1
Opioids and their immunosuppressive effects [
33ā
35].
| Strong immune modulation | Weak or no immune modulation |
| Morphine | Buprenorphine (the least or no effect) | Fentanyl | Oxycodone | Sufentanyl | Hydromorphone | Codeine | Tramadol |
|
|