Antinociceptive Activity of Methanolic Extract of Clinacanthus nutans Leaves: Possible Mechanisms of Action Involved

Table 1

Several flavonoid-based bioactive compounds with antinociceptive potential that has been previously identified from MECN using the UHPLC-ESI procedure.

Number	Flavonoid-based bioactive compounds	Antinociceptive model used	Antinociceptive activity reported by
(1)	Gallic acid	(i) Inflammatory pain model	Trevisan et al. [21]
		(ii) Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia test
		(iii) Neuropathic pain model
		(iv) Chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain test
		(v) Cold allodynia test
		(vi) Mechanical allodynia test
(2)	Caffeic acid	(i) Acetic acid-induced writhing test	Mehrotra et al. [22]
		(ii) Formalin-induced paw licking test
		(iii) Hot plate test
		(iv) Tail flick test
(3)	Ferulic acid	(i) Neuropathic pain model	Xu et al. [23]
		(ii) CCI-induced neuropathic pain test
		(iii) Mechanical allodynia test
		(iv) Thermal hyperalgesia
		(v) Electronic von Frey test
		(vi) Hot plate test
(4)	Vitexin	(i) Mechanical hyperalgesia test	Zhu et al. [24]
		(ii) Electronic von Frey test
		(iii) Acetic acid-induced writhing test
		(iv) Capsaicin-induced nociceptive test	Borghi et al. [25]
		(v) Formalin test
(5)	Orientin	(i) Acetic acid-induced writhing test	Da Silva et al. [26]
		(ii) Capsaicin-induced nociceptive test
		(iii) Glutamate-induced nociceptive test
(6)	Luteolin	(i) CCI-induced neuropathic pain test	Hara et al. [27]
		(ii) Mechanical hyperalgesia
		(iii) Electronic von Frey test
		(iv) Thermal hyperalgesia
		(v) Hot plate test
		(vi) Cold hyperalgesia
		(vii) Cold plate test
(7)	Apigenin	(i) Acetic acid-induced writhing test	Pinheiro et al. [28]
		(ii) Formalin-induced paw licking test
		(iii) Hot plate test