| | Characteristics | All patients | Patients without opioid prescription | Patients with at least one opioid prescription | p value | | | n = 643,859 | n = 163,399 | n = 480,460 | n missing |
| | Age, mean ± SD | 62 ± 15 | 65 ± 15 | 61 ± 15 | <0.001 | |
| | Gender, female n (%) | 302,489 (47) | 67,758 (42) | 234,731 (49) | <0.001 | 74 |
| | Race, black, n (%) | 223,264 (35) | 52,997 (32) | 170,267 (35) | <0.001 | |
| | BMI, mean ± SD | 29 ± 8 | 28 ± 8 | 29 ± 8 | <0.001 | |
| | Primary cause of ESRD, n (%) | | Diabetes | 304,753 (47) | 75,446 (46) | 229,307 (48) | <0.001 | | | Hypertension | 185,800 (29) | 49,757 (30) | 136,043 (28) | | | Glomerulonephritis | 63,178 (10) | 14,381 (9) | 48,797 (10) | | | Cystic kidney | 12,592 (2) | 3,068 (2) | 9,524 (2) | | | Urologic disorders | 8,543 (1) | 2,219 (1) | 6,324 (1) | | | Others | 45,403 (7) | 11,522 (7) | 33,881 (7) | |
| | Comorbidity, n (%) | | Hypertension | 543410 (86.2) | 136,963 (85.6) | 406,447 (86.4) | <0.001 | 13,267 | | Diabetes | 351,024 (54.9) | 86,932 (53.8) | 264,092 (55.3) | <0.001 | 4,474 | | Atherosclerotic heart disease | 127,296 (19.9) | 34,025 (21.0) | 93,271 (19.5) | <0.001 | 4,488 | | Chronic heart failure | 197,713 (31.4) | 50,826 (31.8) | 146,887 (31.2) | <0.001 | 13,276 | | Cerebrovascular disease | 58,006 (9.2) | 15,500 (9.7) | 42,506 (9.0) | <0.001 | 13,267 | | Peripheral vascular disease | 82,008 (13.0) | 20,671 (12.9) | 61,337 (13.0) | 0.261 | 13,277 | | Drug dependence | 8,540 (1.4) | 1,442 (0.9) | 7,098 (1.5) | <0.001 | 13,277 | | Alcohol dependence | 9,213 (1.5) | 2,186 (1.4) | 7,027 (1.5) | <0.001 | 13,277 | | Smoking | 40,384 (6.4) | 7,692 (4.8) | 32,692 (6.9) | <0.001 | 13,277 |
| | Medication use, n (%) | | Benzodiazepine | 162,713 (25.3) | 18,529 (11.3) | 144,184 (30.0) | <0.001 | |
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