Opioid Safety and Concomitant Benzodiazepine Use in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Table 2

Association between clinical characteristics and having at least one opioid.

	Referent	Unadjusted		Multivariable logistic regression
		OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Age		0.983 (0.983–0.984)	<0.001	0.984 (0.983–0.984)	<0.001
Female	Male	1.352 (1.336–1.367)	<0.001	1.419 (1.402–1.436)	<0.001
Race
African Americans	White	1.093 (1.080–1.107)	<0.001	1.030 (1.017–1.044)	<0.001
Asian		0.602 (0.587–0.618)		0.626 (0.610–0.643)
Native Americans		0.969 (0.919–1.020)		0.918 (0.870–0.969)
Others		0.529 (0.485–0.578)		0.494 (0.452–0.541)
Unknown		0.537 (0.302–0.954)		0.402 (0.220–0.734)
Primary disease ESRD
Diabetes	Other causes	1.070 (1.058–1.083)	<0.001	1.037 (1.021–1.054)	<0.001
Cystic kidney		1.089 (1.044–1.136)		0.990 (0.948–1.035)
Urologic disorders		1.004 (0.955–1.055)		1.079 (1.025–1.136)
BMI		1.021 (1.021–1.022)	<0.001
Hypertension		1.063 (1.046–1.080)	<0.001	1.052 (1.035–1.070)	<0.001
Diabetes		1.074 (1.062–1.086)	<0.001	1.074 (1.057–1.092)	<0.001
Atherosclerotic heart disease		0.915 (0.902–0.928)	<0.001
Chronic heart failure		0.974 (0.962–0.986)	<0.001	1.032 (1.018–1.045)	<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease		0.925 (0.907–0.943)	<0.001	0.972 (0.952–0.992)	0.005
Peripheral vascular disease		1.010 (0.993–1.027)	0.261	1.064 (1.045–1.083)	<0.001
Drug dependence		1.681 (1.588–1.780)	<0.001	1.309 (1.232–1.390)	<0.001
Alcohol dependence		1.094 (1.042–1.148)	<0.001	0.940 (0.893–0.990)	0.019
Smoking		1.477 (1.440–1.516)	<0.001	1.321 (1.286–1.357)	<0.001
Benzodiazepine		3.334 (3.279–3.390)	<0.001	3.271 (3.216–3.326)	<0.001