The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain (CASP): Consensus on the Assessment and Management of Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain

Table 3

Risk factors for CNLBP.

Risk factors	Description
Age [20]	Age is positively associated with the incidence.
Psychology [128]	Stress, anxiety, and depression may increase the incidence of LBP.
Occupation [129]	Long-term spinal heavy burden, excessive rotation, or vibration increases the risk of LBP; high-risk occupations are miners, drivers, farmers, and caregivers.
BMI [130]	Obesity is positively correlated with LBP incidence.
Gender	Women are more than men.
Genetics	LBP has familial aggregation.
Pregnancy	More than 50% pregnant women in the early pregnancy have LBP. This may be related to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone.
Lifestyle	Smoking and sedentary lifestyle increase the risk of LBP.