Pain Research and Management

Review Article

Physiological Measures of Acute and Chronic Pain within Different Subject Groups: A Systematic Review

Table 5

Technology readiness levels (TRLs) determined for one technological instrument (most used or most described) per detection method, ordered according to invasiveness.
MethodInstrumentTRL
Respiratory rateRespiratory measure instrument8
Respiratory analysisFingertip pulse oximeter9
Heart rateVisual stethoscope with oximeter probe9
Muscle tensionSkin electrodes and EMG-monitor8
Body temperatureTympanic (ear) thermometer9
Skin conductanceSkin electrodes, transmitter and display-software6
Heart rate variabilityPhoto plethysmograph7
Blood pressureDigital sphygmomanometer9
PupillometryPupillometer8
Cerebral BFVTranscranial Doppler9
Facial recognitionFacial recognition software4
ECGSkin electrodes and ECG-monitor8
EEGEEG cap and monitor8
(f) MRIMRI-scanner9
PET/SPECTPET-scanner9
Hormonal analysisClinical centrifuge9
Needle-based EMGNeedle electrode and monitor7
GeneticsGenetic analysis instrument9