Central Sensitization in Neurological, Psychiatric, and Pain Disorders: A Multicenter Case-Controlled Study
Table 3
Differences in each demographic and clinical parameter among the five CSI-A groups.
Nc
Subclinical (i) (0–29)
Mild (ii) (30–39)
Moderate (iii) (40–49)
Severe (iv) (50–59)
Extreme (v) (60–100)
valuea
Post hoc test
Sex, female, n (%)
551
192
61.0
82
67.2
36
69.2
33
84.6
15
65.2
0.049
i vs. iv
Age, yr., n mean (SD)
551
315
59.8 (17.9)
122
53.7 (18.6)
52
53.6 (15.9)
39
50.8 (16.0)
23
57.3 (18.9)
0.001
i vs. ii, iv
BMI (kg/m2), n mean (SD)
530
303
22.9 (4.0)
117
23.3 (3.7)
49
23.8 (4.7)
38
23.9 (4.0)
23
24.1 (5.6)
0.269
—
Smoking, n (%)
542
49
15.7
24
20.2
14
27.5
8
22.2
4
17.4
0.288
—
Alcohol intake, n (%)
538
131
42.4
56
46.7
20
41.7
12
30.9
5
22.7
0.168
—
Caffeine intake, n (%)
543
283
91.6
114
93.4
49
96.1
37
94.5
18
81.8
0.266
—
CSS-related diseases on CSI-B, n, mean (SD)
551
315
0.6 (0.7)
122
1.1 (1.0)
52
1.4 (1.3)
39
2.1 (1.5)
23
2.0 (1.4)
<0.001b
i vs. ii, iii, iv, v ii vs. iv
Restless legs syndrome
15
4.8
12
9.8
5
9.6
8
20.5
3
13.0
0.006
i vs. iv
Chronic fatigue syndrome
1
0.3
2
1.6
2
3.8
8
20.5
1
4.3
<0.001
i vs. iv
Fibromyalgia
0
0.0
3
2.5
3
5.8
8
20.5
1
4.3
<0.001
i vs. iv
Temporomandibular joint disorder
9
2.9
9
7.4
6
11.5
11
28.2
5
21.7
<0.001
i vs. iii, iv, v
Migraine or tension headaches
112
35.6
67
54.9
26
50.0
19
48.7
10
43.5
0.003
i vs. ii
Irritable bowel syndrome
7
2.2
6
4.9
5
9.6
7
17.9
5
21.7
<0.001
i vs. iv, v
Multiple chemical sensitivities
3
1.0
1
0.8
1
1.9
0
0.0
0
0.0
0.881
—
Neck injury (including whiplash)
21
6.7
13
10.7
12
23.1
9
23.1
9
39.1
<0.001
i vs. iii, iv, v
Anxiety or panic attacks
7
2.2
8
6.6
9
17.3
10
25.6
5
21.7
<0.001
i vs. iii, iv, v
Depression
13
4.1
19
15.6
10
19.2
11
28.2
8
34.8
<0.001
i vs. iii, iv, v
BPI: pain interference score, n, mean (SD)
501
281
1.8 (2.2)
113
3.0 (2.4)
47
4.1 (2.4)
37
4.9 (2.9)
23
7.2 (2.4)
<0.001b
i vs. ii, iii, iv, v
ii, iii, vs. v
BPI: pain severity score, n, mean (SD)
516
291
2.2 (2.1)
118
3.2 (2.2)
47
3.9 (2)
37
4.0 (2.1)
23
5.1 (2.0)
<0.001b
i vs. ii, iii, iv, v
Ii vs. v
PHQ-9 score, n, mean (SD)
550
314
10.9 (3.5)
122
14.8 (5.4)
52
17.5 (5.7)
39
20.8 (6.3)
23
24.7 (8.3)
<0.001
i vs. ii, iii, iv, v
ii vs. iii, iv, v
iii vs. v
BMI: body mass index; CSI: Central Sensitization Inventory; BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire. aUsing a chi-square test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test with residual analysis and Benjamini–Hochberg test for a chi-square test and Bonferroni test for ANOVA were performed. bUsing a Kruskal–Wallis test, a post hoc test with the Bonferroni test was performed. cMissing values were excluded
