Accuracy of Robot-Assisted Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Placement under Regional Anesthesia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 3
Comparison of pedicle screw placement accuracy, FJV, and fluoroscopy time.
Characteristics
Group EP-RO
Group GE-FLU
Total
value
No. of screws
74
94
168
Accuracy grade
(n%)
0.102
Grade A
66 (89.2%)
75 (79.8%)
141 (83.9%)
Grade B
4 (5.4%)
11 (11.7%)
15 (8.9%)
Grade C
4 (5.4%)
5 (5.3%)
9 (5.4%)
Grade D
—
2 (2.1%)
2 (1.2%)
Grade E
—
1 (1.1%)
1 (0.6%)
Clinically acceptable
(Grade A + B)
70 (94.6%)
86 (91.5%)
156 (92.8%)
0.44
No. of screws for FJV comparison
36
46
82
FJV grade
(n%)
0.009
Grade 0
34 (94.4%)
33 (71.7%)
67 (81.7%)
Grade 1
1 (2.8%)
8 (17.4%)
9 (11.0%)
Grade 2
1 (2.8%)
2 (4.3%)
3 (3.7%)
Grade 3
—
3 (6.5%)
3 (3.7%)
Violating screws
(Grade 1 + 2+3)
2(5.6%)
13(28.3%)
15(18.3%)
0.01
Fluoroscopy time per screw✟ (secs)
5.4 ± 1.9
6.8 ± 2.0
6.2 ± 2.0
0.03
Postoperative pain rating ✟ (VAS)
4 hours after surgery
4.7 ± 2.5
5.5 ± 2.0
0.26
Postoperative day 1
4.7 ± 1.9
5.1 ± 1.5
0.44
Postoperative day 2
3.9 ± 1.1
3.9 ± 1.3
0.94
Postoperative day 3
2.7 ± 1.0
2.7 ± 1.1
0.81
Values are the number or the number (%) of patients. ✟Values are presented as the mean ± SD. FJV indicates facet joint violation. VAS indicates visual analogue score.
