Research Article
The Relationship between Higher Chronic Opioid Therapy Dose and Specific Personality Traits in Individuals with Chronic Pain
| | Variable | Total | MEQ 0 mg | MEQ 1–89 mg | MEQ 90+ mg | ANCOVA | | N = 215 | N = 58 | N = 86 | N = 71 | |
| | Brief Pain Inventory Short Form | | | | | | | Average pain (item 5) mean score | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 6.9 ± 1.8 | <0.001b,c | | Pain severity (items 3–6) mean score | 24.7 ± 7.5 | 22.5 ± 7.4 | 24.0 ± 8.0 | 27.5 ± 5.8 | 0.337 | | Pain interference (items 9a-g) mean score | 44.3 ± 17.3 | 37.1 ± 18.8 | 41.9 ± 16.5 | 53.1 ± 13.0 | <0.001b,c |
| | AAQ mean score | 34.7 ± 9.7 | 32.5 ± 8.7 | 34.9 ± 9.8 | 36.8 ± 10.2 | 0.008b |
| | ASI mean score | 24.1 ± 13.3 | 21.3 ± 12.6 | 22.1 ± 12.8 | 29.3 ± 13.2 | 0.001b,c | | ASI = 0–7 (none) | 13 (6.0%) | 4 (6.9%) | 6 (7.0%) | 3 (4.2%) | | | ASI = 8–15 (mild) | 46 (21.4%) | 20 (34.5%) | 19 (22.1%) | 7 (9.9%) | | | ASI = 16–25 (moderate) | 55 (25.6%) | 15 (25.9%) | 24 (27.9%) | 16 (22.5%) | | | ASI = 26–63 (severe) | 78 (36.3%) | 19 (32.8%) | 25 (29.1%) | 34 (47.9%) | | | Missing | 23 (10.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (14.0%) | 11 (15.5%) | |
| | PHQ-9 mean score | 13.4 ± 6.9 | 10.4 ± 6.4 | 12.6 ± 6.8 | 17.0 ± 5.8 | <0.001b,c | | PHQ-9 = 0–4 (none-minimal) | 27 (12.6%) | 13 (22.4%) | 12 (14.0%) | 2 (2.8%) | | | PHQ-9 = 5–9 (mild) | 44 (20.5%) | 15 (25.9%) | 20 (23.3%) | 9 (12.7%) | | | PHQ-9 = 10–14 (moderate) | 38 (17.7%) | 14 (24.1%) | 18 (20.9%) | 6 (8.5%) | | | PHQ-9 = 15–19 (moderately severe) | 60 (27.9%) | 11 (19.0%) | 20 (23.3%) | 29 (40.8%) | | | PHQ-9 = 20–27 (severe) | 43 (20.0%) | 5 (8.6%) | 15 (17.4%) | 23 (32.4%) | | | Missing | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 2 (2.8%) | |
| | GAD-7 mean score | 9.9 ± 6.0 | 8.4 ± 5.5 | 9.2 ± 5.8 | 12.2 ± 6.0 | 0.009b,c | | GAD-7 = 0–5 (none) | 57 (26.5%) | 18 (31.0%) | 27 (31.4%) | 12 (16.9%) | | | GAD-7 = 6–10 (mild) | 56 (26.0%) | 18 (31.0%) | 24 (27.9%) | 14 (19.7%) | | | GAD-7 = 11–15 (moderate) | 56 (26.0%) | 14 (24.1%) | 20 (23.3%) | 22 (31.0%) | | | GAD-7 = 16–21 (severe) | 43 (2.0%) | 8 (13.8%) | 14 (16.3%) | 21 (29.6%) | | | Missing | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | 2 (2.8%) | |
| | CAGE-AID mean score | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.868 | | CAGE-AID = 0–1 (no risk) | 169 (78.6%) | 45 (77.6%) | 69 (80.2%) | 55 (77.5%) | | | CAGE-AID = 2–4 (risk) | 34 (15.8%) | 11 (19.0%) | 13 (15.1%) | 10 (14.1%) | | | Missing | 12 (5.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 4 (4.7%) | 6 (8.5%) | |
| | EQ5D VAS mean score | 51.3 ± 20.0 | 57.9 ± 20.1 | 53.3 ± 20.0 | 43.4 ± 17.4 | 0.004b,c |
| | Brief COPE-28 | | | | | | | Problem-based coping mean score | 16.5 ± 4.4 | 16.6 ± 4.1 | 16.8 ± 4.4 | 16.1 ± 4.7 | 0.706 | | Emotion-focused coping mean score | 25.0 ± 6.0 | 24.9 ± 6.2 | 24.9 ± 5.9 | 25.2 ± 5.9 | 0.997 | | Dysfunctional coping mean score | 21.2 ± 5.5 | 20.4 ± 4.4 | 20.6 ± 6.0 | 22.6 ± 5.7 | 0.008b |
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AAQ = Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; ASI = Anxiety Sensitivity Index; Brief COPE-28 = Brief- Coping with Problems Experience 28 item; BPI-SF = Brief Pain Inventory Short Form; CAGE-AID = substance abuse screening tool; EQ5D VAS = EuroQol-5D Visual Analogue Scale; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 item; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9 item (PHQ-9).
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