Procedure-Related Access Site Pain Multimodal Management following Percutaneous Cardiac Intervention: A Randomized Control Trial

Table 4

Distributions of the accesses-site complications after PCI according to pain intensity subgroups (≤4/10 and >4/10) during the follow-up period between intervention and control groups.

Follow-up period	Access-site complications	Control group		P	Intervention group		p
		≤4/10	>4/10		≤4/10	>4/10
		% (n)			% (n)
Immediately after PCI	Hematoma	9.8 (5)	23.5 (4)	0.148	23.2 (13)	33.3 (3)	0.513
	Arterial bleeding	5.9 (3)	0	0.306	3.6 (2)	0	0.565
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	45.1 (23)	64.7 (11)	0.161	73.2 (41)	67.7 (6)	0.684
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	32.0 (16)	47.1 (8)	0.263	42.9 (24)	44.4 (4)	0.929
2 h	Hematoma	0	40.9 (9)	<0.001	20.7 (12)	57.1 (4)	0.034
	Arterial bleeding	2.2 (1)	9.1 (2)	0.194	3.4 (2)	0	0.618
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	34.8 (16)	81.8 (18)	<0.001	72.4 (42)	71.4 (5)	0.956
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	24.4 (11)	59.1 (13)	0.005	43.1 (25)	42.9 (3)	0.990
12 h	Hematoma	7.3 (4)	38.5 (5)	0.003	24.6 (16)	0	—
	Arterial bleeding	1.8 (1)	15.4 (2)	0.032	3.1 (2)	0
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	40.0 (22)	92.3 (12)	0.001	72.3 (47)	0
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	29.6 (16)	61.5 (8)	0.031	43.1 (28)	0
24 h	Hematoma	7.8 (5)	100 (4)	<0.001	24.7 (16)	0	—
	Arterial bleeding	3.1 (2)	25.0 (1)	0.039	3.1 (2)	0
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	34.8 (34)	0	0.039	72.3 (47)	0
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	31.7 (20)	100 (4)	0.006	43.1 (28)	0
48 h	Hematoma	9.2 (6)	100 (3)	<0.001	24.6 (16)	0	—
	Arterial bleeding	4.6 (3)	0	0.704	3.1 (2)	0
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	47.7 (31)	100 (3)	0.076	72.3 (47)	0
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	24.4 (21)	100 (3)	0.018	43.1 (28)	0
1 week	Hematoma	6.5 (4)	83.3 (5)	<0.001	24.6 (16)	0	—
	Arterial bleeding	4.8 (3)	0	0.582	3.1 (2)	0
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	45.2 (28)	100 (6)	0.010	72.4 (47)	0
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	31.1 (19)	83.3 (5)	0.011	43.1 (28)	0
1 month	Hematoma	9.4 (6)	75.0 (3)	<0.001	24.6 (16)	0	—
	Arterial bleeding	4.7 (3)	0	0.658	3.1 (2)	0
	Hand swelling fallowing hemostasis	46.8 (30)	100 (4)	0.039	72.3 (47)	0
	Purpura rash following hemostasis	33.3 (21)	75.0 (3)	0.092	43.1 (28)	0

NRS: numeric rating scale; PCI: percutaneous cardiac intervention.