Research Article

Caffeine Consumption Influences Lidocaine Action via Pain-Related Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: An In Vivo Animal Study

Figure 4

Expression of pain-related voltage-gated sodium channel genes. (a) Relative mRNA expression of pain-related voltage-gated sodium channels, including the Nav1.3, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8. (b) Grayscale heat map generated using the online heatmapper [12] showing the distribution of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8 mRNA expression levels as Z-scores for each animal in the water drinking group and caffeine drinking group. P values of the two-tailed paired t-test are reported. Differences were considered significant for p values < 0.05 .
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