Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 Upregulation Attenuates Visceral Nociception and Hyperalgesia via Spinal Mechanisms Not Related to Anti-Inflammatory or Probiotic Effects
Figure 1
Comparison of visceromotor responses (VMR spikes) to colorectal distension (CRD) between (i) animals treated 1 week with vehicle (intraperitoneal; ip) and vehicle (intrathecal; it) given 1 hour before CRD, (ii) animals treated 1 week with vehicle (ip) and dihydrokainate (DHK 3 mM, it; (a), DHK 0.3 mM, it; (b), and DHK 0.003 mM, it; (c)) given 1 hour before CRD, (iii) animals treated 1 week with ceftriaxone (CTX 200 mg/kg, ip) and vehicle (it) given 1 hour before CRD, and (iv) animals treated 1 week with (CTX 200 mg/kg, ip) and (DHK 3 mM, it; (a), DHK 0.3 mM, it; (b), and DHK 0.003 mM, it; (c)) given 1 hour before CRD. Data from the 1-week vehicle + it vehicle group and 1-week CTX + it vehicle group are from the same animals in (a)–(c). compared to the 1-week Veh + it Veh group. Intrathecal DHK reversed the attenuated visceromotor response caused by 1-week CTX treatment at 3 and 0.3 mM but not 0.003 mM doses.
