Etiology and Use of the “Hanging Drop” Technique: A Review

Table 5

Summary of studies where the hanging drop technique was used.

Author	Year	Level	𝑛	Patients receiving epidural anesthesia	Country of origin	Technique
Bauer et al. [20]	2007	Thoracic	68	34	France	HD
Berendes et al. [21]	2003	Thoracic	73	36	Germany	HD
Gupta et al. [22]	2006	Thoracic	60	30	Sweden	HD/LOR
Han et al. [23]	2003	Cervical	816	816	Korea	HD/LOR
Hansdottir et al. [24]	2006	Thoracic	113	58	Sweden	HD/LOR
Heijmans et al. [25]	2007	Thoracic	60	15	Netherlands	HD
Kessler et al. [26]	2005	Thoracic	90	60	Germany	HD
Kunstyr et al. [27]	2008	Thoracic	32	16	Czech Republic	HD
Kurtoğlu et al. [28]	2009	Thoracic	76	34	Turkey	HD/LOR
Lagunilla et al. [29]	2006	Thoracic	52	52	Spain	HD
Lundstrøm et al. [30]	2005	Thoracic	50	25	Denmark	HD
Mehta et al. [31]	2008	Thoracic	36	18	India	HD
Mehta et al. [32]	2010	Thoracic	62	31	India	HD
Nishi et al. [33]	2006	Thoracic	41	41	Japan	HD/LOR
Nygård et al. [34]	2004	Thoracic	163	79	Denmark	HD
Porizka et al. [35]	2011	Thoracic	47	32	Czech Republic	HD
Schmidt et al. [36]	2005	Thoracic	37	37	Germany	HD
Sharma et al. [37]	2010	Thoracic	60	30	India	HD
Visser et al. [38]	2006	Thoracic	20	20	Netherlands	HD

HD: hanging drop; LOR: loss of resistance.