Risk Assessment of Opioid Misuse in Italian Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain
Table 1
Patients characteristics: demographic, clinical, and psychological variables in the total group and for high and low risk in PMQ and DIRE.
Variables
Total sample
PMQ scoring group
value1
DIRE scoring group
value2
L-PMQa
H-PMQb
Suit-DIREc
NotSuit-DIREd
Age (years)
Mean (SD)
51.5 (11.7)
52.7 (10.8)
53.6 (12.5)
—
52.1 (11.3)
50.3 (12.1)
—
Gender (%)
Female
57 (76)
34 (82.9)
13 (72.2)
—
50 (78.1)
7 (63.6)
—
Male
18 (24)
7 (17.1)
5 (27.8)
—
14 (21.9)
4 (27.3)
—
Marital status (%)
Married
56 (74.6)
33 (80.5)
15 (83.3)
—
47 (73.4)
9 (81.8)
—
Single
11 (15.3)
5 (12.2)
2 (11.1)
—
9 (14.1)
2 (18.2)
—
Separated/divorced
7 (9.3)
3 (7.3)
1 (5.6)
—
7 (10.9)
0 (0)
—
Widowed
1 (1.3)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
—
1 (1.6)
0 (0)
—
Education (years) (%)
5
9 (12)
6 (14.6)
3 (16.7)
—
8 (12.5)
1 (9.1)
—
8
26 (34.6)
14 (34.2)
7 (38.9)
—
22 (34.4)
4 (36.4)
—
8–13
36 (48)
19 (46.3)
7 (38.9)
—
31 (48.4)
5 (45.4)
—
13
4 (5.4)
2 (4.9)
1 (5.6)
—
3 (4.7)
1 (9.1)
—
Employment status (%)
Employed
28 (37.3)
16 (39.0)
6 (33.3)
—
24 (37.5)
4 (36.4)
—
Unemployed
2 (2.7)
0 (0.0)
2 (11.1)
—
2 (3.1)
0 (0)
—
Housewife
22 (29.3)
13 (31.7)
5 (27.8)
—
17 (26.6)
5 (45.4)
—
Retired
23 (30.7)
12 (29.3)
5 (27.8)
—
21 (32.8)
2 (18.2)
—
Type of pain (%)
Nociceptive
43 (57.3)
22 (53.6)
10 (55.6)
—
36 (56.2)
7 (631.6)
—
Neurophatic
9 (12)
7 (17.1)
2 (11.1)
—
9 (14.1)
1 (9.1)
—
Mixed
23 (30.7)
12 (29.3)
6 (33.3)
—
19 (29.7)
3 (27.3)
—
Duration of pain (months)
Mean (SD)
125.9 (105.9)
138.9 (107.7)
106.3 (93.7)
—
128.4 (99.1)
118.7 (121.0)
—
Psychological variables
STAI Y2
Mean (SD)
50.6 (9.3)
46.7 (6.9)
56.5 (10.4)
<0.01
49.6 (8.4)
55.9 (11.9)
<0.05
BDI-2 total
Mean (SD)
21 (10.7)
16.5 (8.6)
28.0 (11.5)
<0.01
19.2 (9.2)
30.5 (13.6)
<0.05
PRSS catastrophe
Mean (SD)
3.0 (1.1)
2.6 (1.1)
3.8 (0.7)
<0.01
2.9 (1.1)
3.6 (0.9)
—
MMPI hypochondriasis*
Mean (SD)
17.2 (5.2)
15.3 (3.9)
20.2 (4.7)
<0.01
16.9 (5.5)
19.1 (4.4)
—
MMPI depression*
Mean (SD)
29.8 (5.4)
28.2 (4.7)
32.0 (6.1)
<0.01
29.2 (5.1)
32.7 (6.0)
—
MMPI hysteria*
Mean (SD)
31.6 (4.8)
30.4 (4.4)
32.9 (4.8)
—
19.6 (5.1)
32.7 (6.0)
—
MMPI psychopathic D*
Mean (SD)*
20.3 (5.3)
18.7 (5.1)
23.3 (4.8)
<0.01
19.6 (5.1)
24.0 (4.6)
—
MMPI-mascul./feminin.*
Mean (SD)*
31.4 (4.6)
30.3 (4.2)
31.7 (4.5)
—
30.5 (4.1)
31.6 (4.0)
—
MMPI Paranoia*
Mean (SD)
11.8 (3.4)
10.3 (2.2)
14.3 (2.7)
<0.01
11.2 (3.0)
14.8 (3.9)
—
MMPI psychasthenia*
Mean (SD)
20.7 (8.3)
18.1 (8.6)
23.8 (7.1)
<0.01
19.1 (7.8)
27.0 (7.8)
—
MMPI Schizophrenia*
Mean (SD)
20.8 (10.4)
17.3 (9.7)
25.8 (10.5)
<0.01
18.8 (9.7)
29.5 (9.6)
<0.01
MMPI Hypomania*
Mean (SD)
18.5 (4.3)
17.8 (4.4)
19.4 (4.2)
—
18.5 (4.3)
18.6 (3.2)
—
MMPI social introver.*
Mean (SD)
32.6 (7.2)
32.6 (6.3)
33.5 (8.7)
—
31.3 (6.3)
39.5 (7.6)
—
aL-PMQ group, (PMQ total score <25); bH-PMQ group, (PMQ total score ≥30).
cSuitable-DIRE group, (DIRE total score ≥14). dNot suitable-DIRE group, (DIRE total score ≤13).
*Row total scores (no -correction). value: significant differences in mean scores between PMQ scoring groups ( value1) and between DIRE scoring groups ( value2).
