Load Handling and Repetitive Movements Are Associated with Chronic Low Back Pain among Jute Mill Workers in India

Table 3

Relationship between chronic low back pain and ergonomic characteristics encountered by the participants ().

Ergonomic factors	With cLBP; (%)	Without cLBP; (%)	()
Lifting load
Up to 20 kg	255 (47.5%)	282 (52.5%)
>20 kg	70 (38.9%)	110 (61.1%)	()
			OR 1.42 (1.0–2.0)
Carrying load
Up to 20 kg	356 (54.3%)	300 (45.7%)
>20 kg	36 (59.0%)	25 (41.0%)	()
			OR 1.21 (0.71–2.07)
Pulling load
Up to 20 kg	317 (54.1%)	269 (45.9%)
>20 kg	75 (57.3%)	56 (42.7%)	()
			OR 1.13 (0.77–1.67)
Standing long hours
No	37 (60.7%)	24 (39.3%)
Yes	355 (54.1%)	301 (45.9%)	()
			OR 0.76 (0.45–1.31)
Sitting long hours
No	351 (54.3%)	296 (45.7%)
Yes	41 (58.6%)	29 (41.4%)	()
			OR 1.19 (0.72–1.97)
Twisting of body
No	126 (52.5%)	114 (47.5%)
Yes	266 (55.8%)	211 (44.2%)	()
			OR 1.14 (0.83–1.56)
Bending of body
No	39 (45.9%)	46 (54.1%)
Yes	353 (55.9%)	279 (44.1%)	()
			OR 1.49 (0.95–2.35)
Prolonged same posture
No	253 (55.7%)	201 (44.3%)
Yes	139 (52.9%)	124 (47.1%)	()
			OR 0.89 (0.66–1.21)
Repetitive movements
No	288 (57.4%)	214 (42.6%)
Yes	104 (48.4%)	111 (51.6%)	()
			OR 0.67 (0.50–0.96)
Work station position
Too high	20 (60.6%)	13 (39.4%)
Too low	156 (57.4%)	116 (42.6%)	()
Away from body	19 (63.3%)	11 (36.7%)
Others	197 (51.6%)	185 (48.4%)