Interventional Pain Management in Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Clinics: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study with One-Year Follow-Up
Table 3
Clinical characteristics of all patients, chronic pain patients with interventional pain management, and chronic pain patients without interventional pain management.
Clinical characteristics of pain
All patients
CP patients without IPM
CP patients with IPM
%
%
%
UF (%)
Duration (categorized)
≤3 months–≤1 year
218
27.3
196
29.7
22
15.8
10.1
0.006
<1-≤2 years
110
13.8
87
13.2
23
16.5
20.9
<2–≤5 years
157
19.6
128
19.4
29
20.9
18.5
<5–≤10 years
123
15.4
103
15.6
20
14.4
16.3
>10 years
191
23.9
146
22.1
45
32.4
23.6
Total
799
100.0
660
100.0
139
100.0
17.4
pattern
Continuous
754
93.4
626
93.7
128
92.1
17.0
0.455
Discontinuous
53
6.6
42
6.3
11
7.9
20.8
Total
807
100.0
668
100.0
139
100.0
17.2
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Intensity
Pain on average (0–10 NRS)
5.96
(2.13)
6.00
(2.01)
5.77
(2.50)
0.641
Pain at its least (0–10 NRS)
3.63
(2.50)
3.63
(2.44)
3.63
(2.79)
0.759
Pain at its worst (0–10 NRS)
7.88
(2.11)
8.01
(1.98)
7.23
(2.61)
0.003
Pain right now (0–10 NRS)
4.83
(2.99)
4.88
(2.94)
4.58
(3.23)
0.304
%
%
%
UF (%)
No pain
14
1.8
6
0.9
8
6.2
57.1
<0.001
229
29.4
181
27.8
48
37.2
21.0
244
31.3
215
33.0
29
22.5
11.9
293
37.6
249
38.2
44
34.1
15.0
Total
780
100.0
651
100.0
129
100.0
16.5
Lower limb
742
34.4
590
33.7
152
38.7
20.5
Dorsum and lower back
414
19.3
343
19.6
71
18.1
17.1
Upper limb
363
16.9
288
16.4
75
19.1
20.7
Cervical and facial region
261
12.1
224
12.8
37
9.4
14.2
0.047
Bones/joints/muscles- unspecified
89
4.1
82
4.7
7
2.3
7.9
Abdominal and anterior thoracic region
87
4.0
78
4.4
9
6.1
10.3
Inguinal and pelvic region
77
3.6
53
3.0
24
4.6
31.2
Other
115
5.6
97
5.5
18
4.6
15.7
Total
2150
100.0
1757
100.2
393
100.0
18.3
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Pain-related interference
General activity
6.90
(2.82)
7.04
(2.71)
6.20
(3.26)
0.015
Mood
6.25
(3.28)
6.37
(3.21)
5.64
(3.58)
0.054
Walking ability
6.52
(3.51)
6.67
(3.44)
5.76
(3.81)
0.024
work
7.06
(2.98)
7.26
(2.82)
6.09
(3.53)
<0.001
Relations with other people
4.05
(3.60)
4.22
(3.58)
3.17
(3.64)
0.002
Sleep
5.64
(3.80)
5.72
(3.81)
5.20
(3.74)
0.087
Enjoyment of life
5.33
(3.84)
5.55
(3.79)
4.18
(3.95)
<0.001
%
%
%
UF (%)
£Interference
No interference
14
1.8
6
0.9
8
6.3
57.1
<0.001
Mild
229
29.4
180
27.6
49
38.3
21.4
Moderate
244
31.3
208
31.9
36
28.1
14.8
Severe
293
37.6
258
39.6
35
27.3
11.9
Total
780
100.0
652
100.0
128
100.0
16.4
General health
Excellent
13
1.6
11
1.7
2
1.4
15.4
Very good
15
1.9
12
1.8
3
2.2
20.0
Good
117
14.6
94
14.1
23
16.5
19.7
0.082
Fair
342
42.5
271
40.8
71
51.1
20.8
Poor
317
39.4
277
41.7
40
28.8
12.6
Total
804
100.0
665
100.0
139
100.0
17.3
Each row of the table includes the absolute () and relative (%) frequencies of each characteristic, the utilization frequency (%) of interventional pain management by category (UF (%)), and in some cases the mean and standard deviation (SD). Highlighted in bold are statistically significant results, at a 0.05 significance level. CP, chronic pain. IPM, interventional pain management. SD, standard deviation. value for statistical hypothesis tests comparing the subsample of CP subjects with IPM to CP subjects without IPM. Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney test for numerical variables were used. †Chronic pain was defined, using the IASP standard definition, as pain present with duration ≥3 months. ‡Persistence pattern: continuous—pain present every day/ always; discontinuous—recurrent (pain present once to several times/ week); and sporadic (pain present less than once to several times/month). §Pain intensity score was categorized taking into account the Serling classification: mild (1–4), moderate (5-6), and severe pain intensity (7–10). ||Multiple pain locations were recorded for each patient. both work outside the home and housework. £Pain interference was categorized as mild (1–4), moderate (5-6), and severe pain interference (7–10).