Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses

Figure 3

Fluorescence microscopy of hemocytes collected from G. mellonella incubated with crude venom from P. turionellae and double stained with an annexin-V-sensitive probe (conjugated to FITC) and propidium iodide. Qualitative labeling of annexin V in the plasma membrane (b and e) or cellular uptake of propidium iodide (c and f) was monitored 15 min after exposure to wasp venom. Cells exposed to PBS served as controls (a)–(c), and a 0.25 VRE dose of P. turionellae venom was used for toxicity assays (d)–(f). PL: plasmatocyte; GC: granular cell; AH: annexin halo; PI: propidium iodide. The bar corresponds to 18 μm. *(Effects of parasitism and application of venom from the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae on hemocytes of the host Galleria mellonella [82]. Copyright [2010] Blackwell Verlag, GmbH).