Herbivore Larval Development at Low Springtime Temperatures: The Importance of Short Periods of Heating in the Field

Table 1

Comparison of larval development of the different treatment groups in the climate chambers and in the field with a statistics column, showing the differences between all groups. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatment groups, shown with development time, weight, and mortality.

Treatment group	Climate chamber			Field		Statistics
	18°C/28°C	23°C	15°C	(1) run (15.0°C ± 0.3)	(2) run (13.0°C ± 0.2)
Development time [days] (x±SD)	32.00±1.03^a	24.00±0.75^b	52.00±0.89^c	31.00±0.0^a	31.00±0.00^a	𝐹=1063.43; 𝑃<0.001
Physiological development time [degree days]	265.64	290.40	221.40	293.00	200.00
Pupal weight [mg] (x±SD)	42.00±5.51^a	49.00±3.76^a	18.00±1.95^a	41.00±14.76^a	39.00±16.55^a	𝐹=17.985; 𝑃<0.001
Mortality [%]	18^a	23^a	70^b	90^b	90^b	𝐹=36.442; 𝑃<0.001