Botanicals as Grain Protectants

Table 3

Insecticidal activity and mammalian toxicity of some natural insecticides.

Natural insecticides	Insect toxicity^*	Mammalian toxicity; Oral (rat) LD50; (mg/kg b.w.)
Anethole	C, S	2090
β-asarone	C, S	275
Azadirachtin	IGR, R	13000
Carvacrol	C	810
1,8-Cineole	C, F	2480
Cinnamaldehyde	C	1160
Cuminic aldehyde	C, S	1390
Eugenol	C, F	500
Nicotine	C	50
Pyrethrin I and II	C, S	1200
Rotenone	S	350
Ryania	C, S	750
Sabadilla	C, S	5000
Spinosad	C	3738

^* C: contact, S: stomach poison, F: fumigant, IGR: insect growth regulator, and R: repellent [80–82].