Sex-Pheromone-Mediated Mating Disruption Technology for the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Overview and Prospects

Table 1

Use of the pheromone-mediated mating disruption technique for oriental fruit moth in various countries [2, 8, 9, 20, 24–34].

Country	Type of dispensers	Density; (/ha)	Efficacy and extension
France	Polyethylene tube	1000	The two kinds of dispensers were the most effective and simple to use.
	Polyethylene bulb	500
US	Polyethylene tube	1000	The pheromone-treated peach and nectarine orchards in California and Virginia extended from 600 ha in 1987 to 4000 ha in 1990.
	Microcapsule	—	Male OFM captures were reduced by 77–98% in 35 d, and the formulated pheromone significantly disrupted male orientation.
Japan	—	—	The effect of mating disruption was greater than that of trapping.
Korea	—	—	The effectiveness of the disruption technique was enhanced through sequential suppression year after year at the same site.
Australia	400 mL microcentrifuge tube	—	In this extensive 3-year trial, use of pheromone treatment increased from 25 to 40 ha and confirmed that conventional insecticides could be replaced by mating disruption from the viewpoint of cost and efficacy. These successful tests encouraged use of mating disruption in over tens of thousands of hectares in the peach-growing districts in New South Wales and Victoria.
	Polyethylene capillary	500	Male OFM capture was reduced by 77–98%.
		1000	OFM males preferred untreated orchards adjacent to pheromone-treated orchards.
	Polyethylene tube	—	Pheromone treatment reduced the capture of moths in pheromone-baited traps by an average of 98%, suggesting a high level of disruption.
	—	—	Application of mating disruption barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches, and this mating disruption barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks. Extending the mating disruption treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighboring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in mating disruption-treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.
	—	—	Mating disruption was a viable alternative to conventional insecticides.
China	Rubber septa	—	In Liaoning province, Eastern China, the percentage of infested fruits in the pheromone-treated orchards was reduced to 50% and 72% compared with the insecticides-treated orchards in 1981 and 1982, respectively; this technology was extended on a large scale.
		1050	In pear orchards of Shanxi province, Northern China, male OFM orientation was disrupted by 97.43% and the percentage of infested fruits was reduced by 74.72% in 2009.
		750	In pear orchards of Shanxi province, Northern China, male orientation was disrupted by 81.83% and the percentage of infested fruits was reduced by 56.43% in 2009.
		3000	In peach orchards of Shanxi province, Western China, after 37 d, under no insecticide, male orientation was disrupted by 93.46% and the percentage of infested fruits was reduced by 73.72% in 2007.
	Twist tie	374	In peach orchards of Shanxi province, Western China, after 37 d, under no insecticide, male orientation was disrupted by 97.19% and the percentage of infested fruits was reduced by 81.61% in 2007.