Working Memory Training in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study

Table 1

Demographic, clinical, and baseline characteristics of participants and percentage of patients with reduced cognitive performance.

	Intervention group (𝑁=15)		Control group (𝑁=14)
Demographic and clinical data	𝑀	SD	𝑀	SD	𝑃 value
Age^a	39.53	10.78	44.36	13.47	.33
Education^a,b	0.87	0.64	0.86	0.86	.91
Severity of illness^a,c	3.60	1.60	3.64	1.08	.81
Duration of illness^a,d	6.27	5.64	11.83	7.28	.12
Depression score^a
ADS-L	22.93	9.15	21.29	7.14	.62
Intellectual level^a,e
MTW-A	25.73	4.17	29.17	4.91	.03
Cognition^f	𝑀	SD (%)	𝑀	SD (%)	𝑃 value
Verbal memory^a
Selective reminding LTR^g	−1.77	1.87 (47)	−1.89	1.60 (46)	.72
Selective reminding consistent LTR^g	−1.54	1.43 (47)	−1.76	1.05 (54)	.56
Selective reminding delayed recall	−1.41	1.51 (47)	−1.43	1.35 (31)	.93
Visual memory^a
Spatial recall	−0.91	0.85 (27)	−0.86	1.05 (21)	.81
Spatial recall delayed recall	−0.75	1.24 (20)	−0.62	1.24 (29)	.81
Processing speed^a
SDMT	−1.52	1.09 (53)	−1.66	1.49 (57)	.85
Executive functioning^a
Verbal fluency	−1.30	0.51 (20)	−2.09	0.84 (57)	<.01
Medication types		n		n
No medications		2		2
Atypical antipsychotics		13		10
Conventional antipsychotics		2		3
Antidepressants		4		2
Anticonvulsants		2		1
Anticholinergics		5		4
Other psychoactive medication		4		2

aMann-Whitney 𝑈 Test; ^beducation: 0: secondary school, 1: college, 2: university; ^c1: mild, 3: moderate, 5: severe; ^ddata only available for 11 patients in the intervention group and 6 patients in the control group; ^edata only available for 12 of the 14 patients in the control group; ^fdisplayed are mean 𝑧 values; ^gLTR: long-term retrieval.