Impact of Substance Use Disorder on Presentation and Short-Term Course of Schizophrenia

Table 2

PANSS, HARS, and BPRS and Calgary scale for depression scores at baseline in schizophrenia patients with substance use disorder (Group 1) and without substance use disorder (Group 2).

Scales	Subscales	Group 1 (𝑛=91) Mean ± s.d.	Group 2 (𝑛=52) Mean ± s.d.	𝑡	Sig	CI Lower bound	CI Upper bound
PANSS	Positive scale	23.83±6.41	23.94±6.19	−0.097	0.923	−2.284	2.070
	Negative scale	26.21±8.05	26.46±7.41	−0.178	0.859	−2.931	2.447
	Negative scale; Difficulty in abstraction	3.74±1.25	3.32±1.58	1.71	0.089	−0.063	0.882
	General psychopathology scale	44.01±7.19	45.23±7.44	−0.963	0.337	−3.724	1.284
HARS	Total HARS score	17.90±8.74	15.71±7.48	1.515	0.132	−0.668	5.047
BPRS	Total BPRS score	33.93±8.06	34.71±7.41	−0.571	0.569	−3.470	1.915
	Mannerism/posturing	0.32±0.74	0.67±1.06	−2.262	0.025	−0.643	−4.33
Calgary scale for depression	Depression	1.35±1.13	1.09±0.93	1.374	0.172	−0.112	0.623
	Hopelessness	0.95±1.09	0.44±0.75	3.002	0.003	0.175	0.852
	Self-depreciation	0.86±1.02	0.51±0.85	2.079	0.039	1.714	0.680
	Guilty ideas of reference	0.45±0.91	0.21±0.66	1.656	0.100	−4.632	0.524
	Pathological guilt	0.37±0.82	0.25±0.62	0.938	0.350	−0.136	0.384
	Morning depression	0.68±0.98	0.42±0.80	1.607	0.110	−5.942	0.575
	Early waking	0.90±1.14	0.55±0.84	1.884	0.062	−1.682	0.703
	Suicide	0.76±1.13	0.19±0.48	3.480	0.001	0.249	0.904
	Observed depression	1.21±1.18	0.75±0.94	2.451	0.015	9.092	0.848
	Total Calgary score	7.57±7.77	4.44±5.63	2.543	0.012	0.696	5.561

CI: confidence interval; “𝑡”: 𝑡 statistic; degree of freedom = 141.