Differences in Psychological and Behavioral Changes between Children following School Closure due to COVID-19

Table 2

Between-group comparison of changes in children’s behavior.

Variables	Lower grade elementary school ()	Higher grade elementary school ()	Junior high school ()	Senior high school ()		Cramer’s
	Yes, (%)	Yes, (%)	Yes, (%)	Yes, (%)
Has your child spent more time at home since schools were closed?	133 (91.7)^‡	124 (100)^†	130 (98.5)	132 (98.5)	<0.001	.143
Has your child spent more time studying since schools were closed?	56 (38.6)	46 (37.1)	65 (49.2)	62 (46.3)	.134	.112
Has your child spent more time exercising since schools were closed?	25 (17.2)	16 (12.9)	11 (8.3)	15 (11.2)	.151	.094
Has your child had fewer opportunities to attend after-school activities?	123 (84.8)^†	111 (89.5)^†	93 (70.5)^‡	90 (67.2)^‡	<0.001	.225
Has your child been confused by the change in their schedule and daily routine due to COVID-19?	35 (24.1)	39 (31.5)	45 (34.1)	43 (32.1)	.285	.084
Has your child cried and complained easily during the quarantine?	18 (12.4)^†	6 (4.8)	1 (0.76)^‡	1 (0.75)^‡	<0.001	.227
Has your child gotten angry and annoyed easily?	52 (35.9)	39 (31.5)	40 (30.3)	31 (23.1)	.141	.101
Does your child have decreased motivation?	51 (35.2)	45 (36.3)	60 (45.5)	62 (46.3)	.122	.104
Has your child’s ability to keep calm decreased?	23 (15.9)^†	7 (5.6)	6 (4.5)	6 (4.5)	<0.001	.182
Is your child excessively scared?	5 (3.4)	1 (0.8)	1 (0.8)	1 (0.7)	.161	.098
Has your child’s dependence on parents and family increased?	43 (29.7)^†	32 (25.8)^†	15 (11.4)^‡	7 (5.2)^‡	<0.001	.263
Have your child’s eating habits changed (e.g., overeating and refusing food)?	24 (16.6)	30 (24.2)	27 (20.5)	27 (20.1)	.488	.067
Has your child’s sleep pattern changed (e.g., insomnia, difficulty falling asleep, and nightmares)?	34 (23.4)^‡	44 (35.5)	64 (48.5)^†	73 (54.5)^†	<0.001	.249

The chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019. , , ^†, ^‡.